1. Burning issues at climate science – policy interface Judith Curry

2. Agreement: Surface temperatures have increased since 1880 Humans are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have a warming effect on the planet Disagreement: Whether the warming since 1950 has been dominated by human causes How much the planet will warm in the 21 st 21 st century Whether warming is ‘dangerous’ Whether we can afford to radically reduce CO2 emissions, and whether reduction will improve the climate

3. Burning issues at the interface between climate science and policy Social cost of carbon: economic costs of CO2, and benefits of CO2 reduction Evolution of 21 st climate: how much warming, and when? Impact of proposed policies on 21 st century climate change.

4. On trial in MN: Social Cost of Carbon A 1990s law requires the PUC to establish externality values for CO2 and other power plant pollutants to help guide utility planning decisions. The PUC adopted the federal Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) SCC is being challenged by energy companies and industry groups in a current trial

5. Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity Definition: Global surface temperature change following a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 concentration Determined from: global climate models historical observations paleoclimate reconstructions

7. How much warming will emissions reductions commitments prevent in the 21 st century? U.S.: (calculations by CATO: ECS=3 o C) Reducing U.S. total emissions by 80% by 2050 will prevent 0.11 o C in warming by 2100 Global estimates (in progress) 0.2 o C is optimistic target India’s INDC will double - triple emissions by 2030

8. AR5 2013 The amount of warming depends on the emission of greenhouse gases Implications for the future: I. IPCC AR5 view

9. Growing divergence: models vs observations Are climate models too sensitive to greenhouse forcing? Is modeled natural climate variability inadequate? Are model projections of 21 st century warming too high?

10. 50 YEARS, 100 YEARS CO2 emissions Scenarios of future climate Solar effects Volcanic eruptions Unknowns Long range ocean oscillations Geologic processes

11. Implications for the future: II. View emphasizing natural variability The rate of warming will be slow for at least another decade (into the 2030’s?); ocean circulation patterns Climate models are too sensitive to human forcing; 21 st century warming will be on the low end of IPCC projections (or even below) Solar variations & volcanoes: wild card. Some are predicting major solar cooling in the near term Can’t rule out unforeseen surprises

12. What does climate science say about policy and mitigation solutions? There is increasing evidence that the threat from global warming is overstated However, if the threat is not overstated, there are major shortfalls in current and proposed solutions.