1. ERT 319 Industrial Waste Treatment
Semester /2014

2. Solids Waste Treatment & Disposal

3. Introduction Constituents removed in WW treatment plant:
Screenings, Grit, Scum, Solids and biosolids (also known as sludge)
Biosolid - Class A & Class B
SOLIDS AND BIOSOLIDS
The largest waste (in volume)
Form:liquid or semisolid liquid ( % solid)
Term biosolid: WW solid are organic product that can be used beneficially after treatment (WEF 1998)
Term sludge: used only before achieve beneficial use criteria
Term solid: if uncertain criteria

4. Handling of solids and biosolids are complex because:
It composed largely of substances responsible for the offensive character of untreated WW
Portion of biosolids produced from biological treatment is offensive
Only a small part is solid matter
Objectives of Treatment
Reduce water and organic content
Provide processed solids suitable for reuse or final disposal

5. SOLID PROCESSING METHODS (page 1450)

7. Solids Sources, Characteristics, & Quantities
- Vary according to the type of plant and its method of operation

8. Characteristics
Vary depending on the origin of the solids, the amount of aging that has taken place, and the type of processing to which they have been subjected.

10. GENERAL COMPOSITION

11. Quantities

12. The volume of sludge depends mainly on its water content and only slightly on the character of the solid matter.
A 10 % sludge, for example, contains 90 % water by weight.
If the solid matter is composed of fixed (mineral) solids and volatile (organic) solids, the specific gravity of all of the solid matter is:
Volume of sludge:

13. Ssl = specific gravity of sludge
Also, the volume varies inverse with percent of solid matter in the sludge,

14. Example 14-1 Volume of Untreated and Digested Sludge
Determine the liquid volume before and after digestion and the percent reduction for 500 kg (dry basis) of primary sludge with the following characteristics:
Primary
Digested
Solids, % Volatile matter, % Specific gravity of fixed solids Specific gravity of volatile solids 5 60
2.5
≈ 1.0 10
60 (destroyed)

15. Solution (pg 1459) Compute the average specific gravity of all solid
2. Compute the specific gravity of primary sludge
Compute the volume of primary sludge
Compute the percentage of volatile matter after digestion
Compute the average specific gravity of all solid in digested sludge
Compute the specific gravity of digested sludge
Compute the volume of digested sludge
Determine the percentage reduction after digestion

16. PFRP and PSRP –to meet pathogen and vector reduction requirement
PSRP –reduce but do not eliminate!

18. Solids Processing Flow Diagrams

20. THICKENING

21. THICKENING
Used to increase solid content of sludge by removing removing a portion of liquid fraction
Usually accomplished by physical means; e.g settling, flotation, centrifugation, gravity belt and rotary drum.
Why is it important?
Beneficial to the subsequent treatment processes from the following stand points:
Capasity of tanks and equipment required
Quantity of chemical required for sludge conditioning
Amount of heat (in digester) and fuel required for heat drying and incineration

22. In designing thickening facility, it is important to:
2. Cost reduction
-small pipe size and pumping cost
3. Liquid sludge can be transported easily
In designing thickening facility, it is important to:
Provide adequate capasity to meet peak demand
Prevent septicity, with its attendant odor problem.

23. Gravity belt thickener

24. Schematic diagram : CENTRIFUGAL THICKENING

25. STABILIZATION --DIGESTIONS--

26. Not suitable for survival of microb
Stabilization process of sludges for  volume reduction, production of usable gas (methane), and improving the dewaterability of sludge
Solids and biosolids (sludge produced from primary or secondary treatment) are stabilized to:
- reduce pathogens
- eliminate offensive odors
- inhibit, reduce, or eliminate the potential for
putrefaction (decay, decompose of organic matters).
Therefore, stabilization involves the reduction of volatile content and addition of chemicals to solid and biosolid
Not suitable for survival of microb

27. Alkaline Stabilization
Aerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Alkaline Stabilization

29. Alkaline Stabilization
A method to eliminate nuisance conditions in sludge is through the use of alkaline material to render the sludge unsuitable for the survival of microorganisms.
In alkaline stabilization process, lime is added to untreated sludge in sufficient quantity to raise the pH to 12 or higher.
When the pH is high:
 creates environment that stops or substantially retards the microbial reactions that can otherwise lead to odor production and vector attraction.
 the sludge will not putrefy, create odors, or pose a health hazard so long as the pH is maintained at this level.
 also inactivate virus, bacteria and other microbes present.

30. Application of Alkaline Stabilization Processes: Lime Pre-treatment
- addition of lime to sludge prior to dewatering
2) Lime Post-treatment
- addition of lime to sludge after dewatering
3) Advanced Alkaline Stabilization

33. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Involves the decomposition of organic and inorganic matter (principally sulfate) in the absence of molecular oxygen.
Major application: in the stabilization of concentrated sludge produced from the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater.
Can produce sufficient digester gas (methane) to fulfill the energy (heat & electricity) needs.

35. Design Factors of Anaerobic Digester.
Solids & Hydraulic Retention Times
- Solids retention time (SRT)  average time the solids are held in the digestion process (Mass / day)
- Hydraulic retention time, τ  average time the liquid is held in the digestion process (Volume /day)
- Digestion systems without recycle  SRT = τ
- Hydrolysis, fermentation and methanogenesis (3- reactions in anaerobic process) are directly related to SRT
- If the SRT < min. SRT in each reaction, bacteria cannot grow rapidly enough  digestion fails

36. 2) Temperature
- determines rate of digestion - rates of hydrolysis & methane formation
- mostly operates in mesophilic temperature - between 30-38⁰C (or thermophilic T 50-57 ⁰C)
- important since bacteria of methane-formers are sensitive to temperature changes (ex: ΔT > 1 ⁰C/d affect performance, thus ΔT < 0.5 ⁰C/d is recommended)

37. 3) Alkalinity
- Ca, Mg and ammonium bicarbonates are examples of buffering substances found in a digester.
- Digestion process produces ammonium bicarbonate from the breakdown of protein in the raw sludge feed (others found in feed sludge)
- The concentration of alkalinity proportional to the solids feed concentration.
- Alkalinity mostly in well-established digesters 2000 – 5000 mg/L.
- The principal consumer of alkalinity is CO2, i.e.,  CO2 is produced in fermentation and methanogenesis phases . Due to partial pressure of gas in a digester, the CO2 solubilizes and forms carbonic acid, which consumes alkalinity.
- Therefore, CO2 concentration is reflective of the alkalinity requirements.

38. Single-stage High Rate Digestion
Heating, auxiliary mixing, uniform feeding, and thickening of feed stream
The sludge is mixed by gas recirculation, pumping, or draft-tube mixers (separation of scum & supernatant does not take place), and the sludge is heated to achieve optimum digestion rates.
With fixed roofs or floating covers

39. Two-stage Digestion
a high-rate digester is coupled in series with a second tank.
1st tank: used for digestion, heated & equipped with mixing facilities
2nd tank: unheated, used for storage
This type of digester is seldom used because of expense of large tank building and negligible benefit of 2nd tank.

40. Anaerobic digester

41. Example 14-5 Estimating Single-stage, High Rate Digester Volume and Performance
Estimate the size of digester required to treat the sludge from a primary treatment plant designed to treat m3/d of wastewater. Check the volumetric loading, and estimate the amount of gas produced per capita. For the wastewater to be treated, it has been found that the quantity of dry volatile solids and biodegradable COD removed is 0.15 kg/m3 and 0.14 kg/m3, respectively. Assume that the sludge contains about 95% moisture and has a specific gravity of 1.02.

42. Other pertinent design assumptions are as follows:
1. The hydraulic regime of the reactor is complete-mix
2. SRT = τ = 10 days at 35 ⁰C
3. Efficiency of waste utilization (solids conversion) E = 0.70
4. The sludge contains adequate nitrogen and phosphorus for biological growth.
6. Constants are for a temperature of 35 ⁰C.
7. Digester gas is 65 % methane.
8. Volume of methane produced: 1359 m3/d

45. Aerobic Digestion
To meet Processes to Significantly Reduce Pathogens (PSRP) requirement (see Table 14-9, 14-10, & 14-12, pg )
Used to treat:
waste-activated sludge only
mixtures of waste-activated sludge or trickling filter sludge and primary sludge
Or waste sludge from extended aeration plants
Plant capacity may up to 2 m3/s

46. Advantages compared to anaerobic digestion:
i- volatile solids reduction in a well-operated aerobic digester is approximately equal to that obtained anaerobically
ii- lower BOD concentrations in supernatant liquor
iii- production of an odorless, humuslike, biologically stable end product
iv- recovery of more of the basic fertilizer values in the sludge
v- operation is relatively easy
vi- lower capital cost
vii- suitability for digesting nutrient-rich biosolids

47. Disadvantages of aerobic digestion:
High power cost is associated with supplying the required oxygen
Digested biosolids produced have poorer mechanical dewatering characteristics
The process is affected significantly by temperature, location, tank geometry, concentration of feed solids, type of mixing/aeration device, and type of tank material
Useful byproduct such as methane is not recovered.

49. Eqs – 14-18:
conversion of organic nitrogen to nitrate results in an increase in the concentration of H2 ions  decrease pH, if sufficient buffering capacity is not available.
About 7 kg of alkalinity (as CaCO3) are destroyed per each kg of ammonia oxidized.
 about 50 % of the alkalinity consumed by nitrification can be recovered by denitrification.
Eq  Eq

50. Batch operation type with air addition
Continuous operation type with air addition

51. Design criteria for aerobic digester

52. Figure 14-31
Volatile solids reduction in an aerobic digester as a function of digester liquid temperature and digester sludge age (or SRT)

53. THANK YOU