1. Masatoshi Koshiba Raymond Davis Jr. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

2. S. P. Mikheyev INR RAS Moscow

3. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 20043 e p p p p e e+e+ e+e+ n n 4 He

4. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 20044 1964 - Original Motivation “… to see into the interior of star and thus verify directly the hypothesis of nuclear energy generation in star.” 4p  4 He + 2e + + 2 e + 26.73 MeV 4R24R2  =   7  10 10 sec -1 cm -2 2 L sun 26.73 MeV 1

5. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 20045 Ј  15.0 MeV  B   Be * + e + + e pp – chain p + p   H + e + + e p + e - + p   H + e  H + p   He +   He +  He   He + 2p  He +  He   Be +   He + p   He + e + + e  Be + e -   Li  + e  Be + p   B  +    Li  + p  2   Be *  2  Ј  0.420 MeV 1.442 MeV Ј  18.77 MeV  MeV,  MeV 99.6% 0.4% 0.002% 99.87% 0.13% 15% 85%

6. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 20046 CNO – chain  C + p   N +   N   C + e + + e Ј  1.199 MeV  C + p   N +   N + p   O +   O   N + e + + e Ј  1.732 MeV  N + p   C +   N + p   O +   O + p   F +   F   O + e + + e Ј  1.740 MeV  O + p   N +  99.9% 0.1%

7. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 20047 Bahcall & Pinsonneault PRL (2004) Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Standard Solar Model (SSM)

8. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 20048 e e-e- n n p n p p p p n n p n n p n p p p p n Charge Current Reaction + Z A  e - + Z+1 A ZAZA Z+1 A e p n e- e- W+W+ 2 H 37 Cl 71 Ga 7 Li 115 In

9. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 20049 e-e- Neutrino Electron Scattering + e -  + e - e- e- W+W+ e- e- e- e- Z0Z0 e- e- e e, ,   NC   CC /6

10. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200410 n n p n p p p p n n    ZAZA Neutral Current Reaction + N  + N* ZAZA Z A* N Z0Z0 N* e, , 

11. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200411 + 37 Cl  e - + 37 Ar (B. Pontecorvo 1946) Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) 7 Be 8B8B Threshold 0.814 МэВ

12. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200412 Davis’s experiment C 2 Cl 4

13. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200413 + 37 Cl  e - + 37 Ar Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Threshold 0.814 МэВ R exp R SSM = 0.335  0.029 R exp = 2.56  0.23 SNU

14. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200414 R SSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNU R SSM = 7.6 – 1.1 + 71 Ga  e - + 71 Ge Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Threshold 0.233 МэВ

15. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200415 SAGE experiment (Baksan) GALLEX/GNO experiment (Gran Sasso)

16. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200416 R SSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNU R SSM = 7.6 – 1.1 + 71 Ga  e - + 71 Ge Neutrino Energy (MeV) Neutrino Flux (cm -2 сs -1 MeV -1 ) Threshold 0.233 МэВ R SSM = 128 + 9 SNU R SSM = 128 – 7 R exp R SSM = 0.584  0.039

17. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200417  e e + e -  e + e -

18. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200418 ４０ｍ ４１．４ｍ Kamiokande/Super-Kamiokande

19. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200419 22385 solar  events (14.5 events/day) e + e -  e + e -

20. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200420 The Sun by Neutrinograph e + e -  e + e -

21. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200421 Data SSM = 0.465 +0.016 -0.015  0.005 e + e -  e + e -

22. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200422

23. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200423 1000 tones D 2 O Support Structure for 9500 PMTs, 60% coverage 12 m Diameter Acrylic Vessel 1700 tonnes Inner Shielding H 2 O 5300 tonnes Outer Shield H 2 O Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

24. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200424 e + d  p + p + e - CC x + e -  x + e - ES x + d  x + p + n NC F CC = 1.59 +0.08 (stat) +0.06 (syst) -0.08 -0.07 F EC = 2.21 +0.31 (stat)  0.10(syst) -0.26 F NC = 5.21  0.27(stat)  0.38(syst) Detector SNO Direction Kinetic Energy Position

25. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200425 Detector SNO

26. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200426 Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Pena-Garay, PRL2003 1. Energy production in Sun: pp chain is the dominant mechanism L CNO < 7.6% (3  ) Bahcall, PG, JHEP2003 2. Neutrino fluxes in pp cycle :  BP04 f i =  fit f pp = 1.02  0.02 (1  ) f B = 0.88  0.04 (1  ) f Be = 0.91  0.25/0.62 (1  ) Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003

27. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200427 p + e -  n + e n + e +  p + e  x  N + N  N + N + x + x e - + e +  x + x e + e  x + x  x  x  Neutronization burst: e emitted during  10 ms Cooling through neutrino emission: e, e, , , , . 99% of the SN energy emitted in neutrinos during  10 s  

28. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200428 Neutrino energies MeVE E E e e )2520( 10 12 ~,, ~, ~    

29. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200429 e + p  e + + n   Neutrino burst  Relic SN neutrinos

30. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200430 T Neutrino burst search

31. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200431

32. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200432 23 February 7:36 UT

33. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200433 Confirmed the neutrino mechanism of Supernova cooling Obtained constrains on some Supernova parameters Obtained constrains on some neutrino properties (masses, charge, etc)

34. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200434 23 February at 2:52 UT LSD Detected 5 Events in 7 second 1 10 100 10100 Time window (sec) Number of bursts 55  10  15 23 February  1 day LSD DATA

35. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200435 February 23, 1987 1 3 5 7 9 11 m v =6 m m v =12 m Geograv LSD KII IMB BUST 2:52:35,4 2:52:36,8 43,8 2:52:34 44 2:52:34 7:36:00 7:35:35 7:35:41 7:36:06 19 47 21 2 12 8 6 5 2 1 (4) Chronology Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

36. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200436 The Two-Staged gravitational collapse Model [Imshennik V.S., Space Sci Rev, 74, 325-334 (1995)] ahead aside Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

37. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200437 T c ~5x10 12 K T c ~5x10 10 K The difference of neutrino yield between standard model and model of rotating collapsar. The main reaction – URCA-process: Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

38. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200438 V.S.Imshennik, O.G.Ryazhskaya astro-ph/0401613

39. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200439 Liquid Scintillator Detector (LSD) General view of LSD Fe (2 sm) Fe (10 sm) H=5200 m.w.e. 72 counters90 tons of С n H 2n (n~9), 200 tons of Fe 4.5 m 8m8m 6 m Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

40. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200440 С n H 2n e e e Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

41. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200441 Energy spectrum of the particles, coming from iron plate of thickness 2,8 sm (Geant4 calculations; histogram – total energy deposit) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Энергия, МэВ 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 Events Energy range, registered by LSD Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya & V. Boyarkin

42. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200442 Many experiments stand ready to observe the neutrinos of the next galactic supernova. Baksan MiniBooNE detector LVD AMANDA KamLand SNO Super-Kamiokande More detectors sensitive to SN neutrino are planned or being built. Borexino ICARUS IceCube HyperKamiokande UNO and many others

43. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200443 In universe there is one supernova explosion per second There exist the flux of relic supernova neutrinos.

44. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200444 Super-Kamiokande published the world’s best limits on relic supernova neutrino [M.Malek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 061101 (2003)]. 1.3 cm -2 s -1

45. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200445 GADZOOKSGADZOOKS adolinium ntineutrino etector ealously utperforming ld amiokande, uper!

46. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200446

47. S.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow Erice 7 July 200447 Detection of relic supernova neutrinos will: No detection of relic supernova neutrinos also is very interesting. verify the basic picture of star formation and death; constrain star formation history