1. “Dreaming permits each and every one of us to be quietly and safely insane every night of our lives.” Charles Fisher

2. Sleep and Dreams  Biological Rhythms  periodic physiological fluctuations  Circadian Rhythm  biological clock  regular bodily rhythms that occur on 24-hour cycle, wakefulness and body temperature Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

3. Sleep Across the Lifespan

4. Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  1953 Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleepEugene AserinskyREM sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed  other body systems are active

5. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Beta waves

6. Typical Night’s Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

7. Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

8. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

9. Sleep Disorders  Insomnia  persistent problems in falling or staying asleep  Narcolepsy  uncontrollable sleep attacks  Sleep Apnea  temporary cessation of breathing  momentary reawakenings Somnambulism  sleepwalking

10. Sleep Disorders zInsomnia yChronic problems in getting good sleep yDifficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep yCauses xStress, depression, health problems ySolutions xSedatives sometimes ineffective/never long-term solution xDon’t take naps during day xAvoid alcohol, caffeine, and cigarettes within 5 hrs before bedtime (avoid exercise within 2 hrs) xKeep schedule – going to bed/waking up at same time

11. Sleep Disorders zHypersomnia yBeing sleepy during the day and sleeping too much at night yNarcolepsy zParasomnias ySleep apnea yNightmares yNight terrors ySleepwalking

12. Night Terrors and Nightmares  Night Terrors  occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4  high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

13. Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  incongruities  delusional acceptance of content  difficulties remembering Lucid dreaming ("light, bright, clear") is the conscious perception of one's state while dreaming, resulting in a clearer experience.

15. Theories of Dreaming Dreams as Problem-Solving Dreams reflect emotional preoccupations of waking life—relationships, sex, work, health. Images in dream are sometimes symbols for things in life. This agrees with Freud >dreams contain symbols, but no “latent” (unconscious) meaning Meaning is at surface level—”manifest” content

16. Dreams: Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  wish fulfillment  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  attempt to satisfy sexual and aggressive impulses we cannot satisfy when we are awake  Manifest Content  remembered story line  Latent Content  underlying meaning

17. 1976 Hobson & McCarly Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams result from random activation of brain cells responsible for eye movement, muscle movement, balance, and vision. Brain then synthesizes (combines) this activity with existing knowledge and memories as if signals came from environment How we interpret the random images and sensations as dream’s meaning

18. Information Processing Theory Mental Housekeeping Theory During sleep, brain shuts out sensory input so it can process what was stored in memory during day Dreams are brief glimpses of brain’s sorting, scanning and searching through memories. Dreams have no meaning. Supporting this theory is research showing that REM sleep is important for remembering things that were learned during preceding day. Eugen Tarnow suggests dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory. Strangeness of dreams due to format of long-term memory

19. up to 70% of females and 65% of males report recurrent dreams. sexual dreams show up no more than 10 % of the time common themes: themes relating to school, being chased, sexual experiences, falling, arriving too late, a person now alive being dead, flying, & failing a test. 12% of people dream only in black and white. men's dreams 70 % of characters are other men, female's dreams contain equal number of men & women.

20. Sleep IQ 1. During sleep your brain rests. False: While your body rests, your brain doesn’t. 2. You cannot learn to function normally with one or two fewer hours of sleep a night than you need. True: Sleep need is biological. While children need more sleep than adults, how much sleep any individual needs is genetically determined. 3. Boredom makes you feel sleepy, even if you have had enough sleep. False: Boredom only unmasks sleepiness, but doesn’t cause it.

21. Sleep IQ 4. Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need for sleep. True: Sleep is as necessary to health as food and water, and rest is no substitute for sleep. 5. Snoring is not harmful, as long as it doesn’t disturb others or wake you up. False: Snoring may be a signal for sleep apnea (which can be fatal if untreated). 6. Everyone dreams at night. True: Every person dreams every night – it’s just that some of us can’t remember much of our dreams.

22. Sleep IQ 7. The older you get, the fewer hours of sleep you need. False: Although we tend to sleep less, our need for sleep doesn’t decrease as we age. 8. Most people don’t know when they are sleepy. True: We are not very good judges of our biological need for sleep. 9. Raising the volume of your radio will help you stay awake while driving. False: The only short-term solutions are to pull over and take a nap or to have a caffeinated drink.

23. Sleep IQ 10. Sleep disorders are mainly due to worry or psychological problems. False: Sleep apnea is caused by relaxed muscles and narcolepsy appears to be genetic. 11. The human body never adjusts to night shift work. True: No matter how long you work a night shift, sleeping during the day remains a challenge because of our circadian rhythms that operate on the light/dark schedule. 12. Most sleep disorders go away, even without treatment. False: On average, sleep disorders do not disappear without treatment. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw-1o