1. TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC DCSINT

2. FM 7-100.3 Opposing Force: Paramilitary and Nonmilitary Organizations and Tactics Chapter 3 Insurgent Organization and Tactics

3. TRADOC DCSINTTypes Rejectionists Wealth-seekers

4. TRADOC DCSINT

5. Goals Legitimacy Redistribution of Wealth

6. TRADOC DCSINT Insurgent Environment Rural & Urban Terrain Leaders Followers

7. TRADOC DCSINT

8. Strategy Popular Protracted War Military Focus Urban Focus

9. TRADOC DCSINT Strategy Strategy Popular Protracted War Phase One, Incipient (Latent) Phase Phase Two, Guerrilla Warfare Phase Phase Three, War of Movement Phase

10. TRADOC DCSINT Strategy Strategy Military-Focus Strategy No attempt to mobilize people Insurgency replaces the government’s leadership with its leadership (similar to a Coup d'etat)

11. TRADOC DCSINT Purpose is to turn political crisis into armed conflict. Government’s oppressive but unsuccessful attempts to restore order and security mobilizes the masses to the insurgent’s side. Five Phases: 1. Information Campaign 2. Insurgent Group Organizes 3. Target Government Security Forces 4. Mobilization of the Masses 5. Urban Uprising Five Phases: 1. Information Campaign 2. Insurgent Group Organizes 3. Target Government Security Forces 4. Mobilization of the Masses 5. Urban Uprising

12. TRADOC DCSINT

13. ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION Basic Cellular Military-Type Structures Basic Cellular Military-Type Structures

14. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Cellular Structure Communications Cell INSURGENT FORCE Intelligence Cell Direct Action Cell Information Cell 1 x Leader 1 x Assistant Leader 1 x Leader 2-3 x Insurgents 1 x Leader 2 x Intel Spec 1 x Leader 5-10 x Logistics Spec 1 x Leader 1-3 x Communications Spec 1 x Leader 2 x Information Spec 1 x Recruiter 1 x Trainer 1 x Civic Action Spec Logistics Cell Low-capability Insurgent Force

15. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Cellular Structure Basic Cellular Structure Direct Action Cells Raids Ambushes Terror Tactics Harassment

16. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Cellular Structure Basic Cellular Structure Intelligence Cells Collect, process, and disseminate intelligence and information on the enemy, terrain, and weather Conduct counterintelligence and espionage Plan for and conduct reconnaissance and surveillance missions Conduct various intelligence and security functions, such as signals reconnaissance and personnel security

17. TRADOC DCSINT

18. Basic Cellular Structure Basic Cellular Structure Logistics Cells Obtain, maintain, store, and issue supplies and material Arrange and conduct transportation of insurgents, supplies, and materials Transmit funds Operate safe houses and front companies Provide medical and pharmaceutical support

19. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Cellular Structure Basic Cellular Structure Communications Cells Provides courier service Maintains and services dead-drop locations Develops codes and ciphers Operates communications equipment Conducts electronic warfare activities

20. TRADOC DCSINT

21. "Midnight Ride of Paul Revere", 1931 by Grant Wood © Estate of Grant Wood/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY Paul Revere's Ride Alerted the New England countryside to the approach of British Regulars coming to arrest the insurgency’s leaders and to seize munitions at Concord. Revere’s ride of warning is an example of a communications cell function in an insurgency.

22. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Cellular Structure Basic Cellular Structure Information Cells Develop, produce, and disseminate propaganda Recruit and indoctrinate members Coordinate information campaigns Dr. Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda Thomas Paine, author of the Common Sense Pamphlet that helped ignite the colonies into revolution against the British Crown

23. TRADOC DCSINT

24. Military-Type Structures 1 x Leader Company Headquarters INSURGENT COMPANY 1 x Commander 1 x Executive Officer 1 x Advisor/Counselor 1 x Insurgent Communications Cell 1 x Leader 3-4 x Communications Spec Insurgent Squad Direct Action Cell 1 x Leader 3-4 x Insurgents 1 x Leader 6-10 x Insurgents Logistics Cell* Insurgent Platoon 1 x Leader 3-4 x Logistics Spec 1 x Leader 3-4 x Intel Spec 1 x Leader 2-3 x Info Spec 1-2 x Civic Action Spec * If the company is part of an insurgent battalion, these functions will typically be consolidated at battalion level. Information Cell* Intelligence Cell*

25. TRADOC DCSINT INSURGENT BATTALION Engineer Element Insurgent Company Battalion Headquarters Fire Support Element Support Staff (Organization varies) (Organization varies) 1 x Leader 6-8 x Fire Support Spec 1 x Maintenance Spec 1 x Leader 5-7 x Engineer Spec 1 x Commander 1 x Deputy Commander 2 x Advisor/Counselor 2 x Admin Spec Military-Type Structures

26. TRADOC DCSINT BN SUPPORT STAFF Military-Type Structures

27. TRADOC DCSINT 3-5 x Officers POLITICAL HEADQUARTERS Headquarters Staff Liaison Section Headquarters Staff Region Front Headquarters Staff Military Headquarters Staff Support Staff Liaison Section Headquarters Staff Liaison Section District Liaison Section Insurgent Battalion Insurgent Company Command Coordination 3-5 x Advisor/Counselor (Religious, Cultural Legal,Political) 2 x Admin Spec 3-5 x Officers 1 x Leader 1 x Commander 1 x Advisor/Counselor 2 x Admin Spec 1 x Deputy Commander 2 x Advisor/Counselor 2 x Admin Spec 1 x Leader 1 x Advisor/Counselor 2 x Admin Spec 2 - 4 x Officers 1 x Leader 1 x Advisor/Counselor 1 x Admin Spec 1-3 x Officers Headquarters Staff Support Staff 1 x Deputy Commander 2 x Advisors/Counselors 2 x Admin Spec 1 x Commander Insurgent Battalion Political-Military Structure

28. TRADOC DCSINTTactics Offense Defense

29. TRADOC DCSINT “Principles of Guerrilla Warfare’’ of the revolutionary Fourth Red Army (when Mao Tse-tung was the Army‘s Political Commissar) Enemy advances, we retreat. Enemy halts, we harass. Enemy falters, we attack. Enemy retreats, we pursue.

30. TRADOC DCSINT Tactics Tactics Offense Raid Ambush – – Annihilation – – Harassment – – Containment

31. TRADOC DCSINT Assault Element Support Element Objective Security Element Withdrawal Routes Insurgents Security Element Security Element River Road Offense Raid

32. TRADOC DCSINT Security Element Security Element Assault Element X X X X X X x x x x xx x x x x x x x Kill Zone Enemy Insurgent X X X Mines Obstacles Withdrawal Routes Assault Element Security Element Insurgent Support ElementOffense Annihilation Ambush

33. TRADOC DCSINT Security Element Security Element Security Element X X X X X X X X X Kill Zone Support/Assault Element Enemy Insurgent XXX Mines Obstacles Withdrawal Routes Insurgent Offense Harassment Ambush Road (-)

34. TRADOC DCSINT Security Element Security Element Security Element X X X X X X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Security Element Support Element Assault Element Enemy Raid Objective X X X Mines Obstacles Withdrawal Routes Offense Containment Ambush

35. TRADOC DCSINT Case Study "Fiery Kilometers“ Red Star 26 May, 1985

36. TRADOC DCSINTDefense … a temporary and necessary state of combat action used to… Hold terrain Preserve resources Rest and recuperate Refit and maintain equipment Conduct training Cover withdrawal Create conditions favorable for resuming offensive actions

37. TRADOC DCSINT Defense Defense Active Security Measures Obstacles and Barriers Booby traps Observation or Listening posts Guards Early Warning Systems Checkpoints

38. TRADOC DCSINT Active Security Measures Obstacles and Barriers

39. TRADOC DCSINT Active Security Measures Booby Traps

40. TRADOC DCSINT Active Security Measures Active Security Measures Booby Traps (continued) Both have a thin covering of leaves, foliage, paper, cardboard and other like material Ground Barbed spikes of metal Spike Trap Antitank ditches are approximately 5 meters across and 3 meters deep and constructed in front of barricades to prevent the passage of all vehicles. They are usually the same width as the street or roadway being blocked. Vehicle Ditch Spike traps are approximately 1 meter across and.5 meters deep and constructed along known footpaths or expected avenues of approach. Ground

41. TRADOC DCSINT Active Security Measures Active Security Measures Booby Traps (continued) Road Surface Road Shoulder Antitank Mine Pressure mine buried under improved road

42. TRADOC DCSINT Active Security Measures Active Security Measures Booby Traps (Continued) Side Attack Mines Austrian ATM-7Russian LMG Czech PD MI-PK

43. TRADOC DCSINT

44. Active Security Measures Active Security Measures Observation / Listening Posts

45. TRADOC DCSINT Active Security Measures Active Security Measures Guards

46. TRADOC DCSINT Active Security Measures Active Security Measures Early Warning Systems

47. TRADOC DCSINT Guard House Controlled Antitank Minefield Gate Mixed Antitank and Antipersonnel Minefield Checkpoint Commander, and minefield controller Mixed Antitank and Antipersonnel Minefield Obstacles Mines Active Security Measures Checkpoint

48. TRADOC DCSINT Passive Security Measures

49. TRADOC DCSINT

50. Information Warfare Electronic warfare Computer warfare Deception Physical destruction Protection and security measures Perception management Information attack

51. TRADOC DCSINT

52. Intelligence Information collection Counterintelligence Reconnaissance and Surveillance

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54. Logistics Support Material Support –Transportation –Supply Bases –Caches –Camps and Sanctuaries –Safe Houses Maintenance Support Medical Support

55. TRADOC DCSINT

56. Sources of Support Sources of Support Internal Support Essential to insurgency long term survival Techniques to ensure internal support include persuasion, coercion, or appealing to the people’s needs and wants Communists hoped their revolutionary art would inspire popular internal support

57. TRADOC DCSINT Sources of Support Sources of Support External Support Support from outside sources such as other nations or organizations consisting of weapons, equipment, forces, good will, services, etc. Example: French support in American Revolution

58. TRADOC DCSINT Insurgent Organization and Tactics Insurgent Organization and Tactics Summary Types Goals Environment Strategies Organization Tactics Information Warfare Intelligence Logistics Support Sources of Support