1. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT We can indicate the relationship between cause and effect by using: 1. verbs/verbal phrases cause  Over-drinking can lead to liver cancer. result in

2. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT 2. the nouns cause, result and reason the reason for  Wearing black socks was Kenny’s warning letter. the cause of

3. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT 3. prepositions/prepositional phrases because of  He was punished wearing a pair of black socks to school. on account of *We cannot use a clause after because of and on account of.  e.g. : We cancelled our picnic because of the weather was bad.

4. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT 4. conjunctions  He went to bed early last night, for he was tired. *It cannot be used to answer the question Why? or with not, but or any other conjunctions.

5. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT  He was so tired that he went to bed early last night. *In the above example, we use the structure so/such + adjective/adverb + that.

6. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT But we use so, not such, with many and much.  There was so cold that we decided not to swim.  They are such good friends that they have no secrets from each other.

7. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT 5. connectives  He spent a lot of time on television and comic books.

8. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT Consequently, As a result,  As a consequence, he failed the examination. Therefore, Thus,

9. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT *We can also put as a result and therefore before a clause like this:  He was late and as a result we missed the bus.  He was late and therefore we missed the bus.

10. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT We can also use thus in this way:  She came to help, thus making it possible for us to finish the job as planned.

11. USEFUL EXPRESSION (1) : CAUSE AND EFFECT Answer to exercises: (1) cause and effect 2. because of the noise. 3. as a result he lost his job. 4. everybody says Walt Disney‘s The Lion King is good, I think I’ll go and see it. 5. didn‘t get a reply, therefore she wrote another letter. 6. retired last year on account of his poor health.