1. 1 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Musculoskeletal System

2. 2 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. OBJECTIVES Identify the organs and other structures of the musculoskeletal system Define, pronounce, and spell types of body movements Define and spell the word parts Build and analyze medical terms using word parts

3. 3 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. OBJECTIVES (cont’d) Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the musculoskeletal system Interpret the meanings of the abbreviations Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them Identify and use plural endings

4. 4 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Functions of the Skeletal System Provides a framework for the body, protects the soft body parts such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces blood cells The body contains 206 bones. Provides movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production The body consists of more than 600 muscles.

5. 5 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Bone Structure periosteum: outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue compact bone: dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum cancellous (spongy) bone: contains small spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone endosteum: membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

6. 6 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Bone Structure (cont’d) diaphysis: shaft of the long bones epiphysis (pl. epiphyses): ends of the long bone bone marrow: material found in the cavities of bones red marrow: thick, blood-like material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones (location of blood cell formation yellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

7. 7 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Bone Structure

8. 8 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal Bones (Jawbones) maxilla: upper jawbones mandible: lower jawbone

9. 9 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. vertebral column: made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): first set of 7 forming the neck thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): second set of 12 vertebrae lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of spine Skeletal Bones (Vertebral Column)

10. 10 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal Bones (Vertebral Column) (cont’d) vertebral column (cont’d) sacrum: next five vertebrae, which fuse together coccyx: four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone lamina (pl. laminae): part of the vertebral arch

11. 11 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal Bones (cont’d) clavicle (2): collarbone scapula (2): shoulder blade sternum: breastbone upper extremities: arm and hand bones humerus (2) carpals (16) ulna (2)metacarpals (10) radius (2) phalanges (28)

12. 12 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skeletal Bones (cont’d) pelvic bones (3 pairs fused together) illium (2) ischium (2) pubis (2) lower extremities: leg and foot bones femur (2)tarsals (4) patella (2)metatarsals (10) tibia (2)phalanges (28) fibula (2)

13. 13 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skeleton (Anterior)

14. 14 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skeleton (Posterior View)

15. 15 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Joints joint: holds bones together and make movement possible ligament: flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint tendon: band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone bursa: small, fluid-filled sac that allows easy movement of one part of a joint over another

16. 16 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Joints (cont’d) meniscus: crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee intervertebral disk: cartilaginous disk found between each vertebra in the spine synovia: fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; found in joint cavities

17. 17 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Knee Joint

18. 18 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Muscles skeletal muscles (striated): attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles.

19. 19 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Muscular System (Anterior)

20. 20 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Muscular System (Posterior)

21. 21 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Muscles (cont’d) smooth muscles (unstriated): located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily. cardiac muscle: forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat.

22. 22 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Body Movements Bones and muscles work together to produce various movements. Some are listed below: abductioninversion adductionpronation eversionrotation extensionsupination flexion

23. 23 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Body Movements

24. 24 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System carp/o clavic/o, clavicul/o cost/o crani/o femor/o fibul/o humer/o ili/o ischi/o lumb/o mandibul/o maxill/o

25. 25 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont’d) patell/o pelv/i, pelv/o phalang/o pub/o rachi/o radi/o sacr/o scapul/o spondyl/o, vertebr/o stern/o tars/o tibi/o uln/o

26. 26 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms for Joints aponeur/o arthr/o burs/o chondr/o disk/o menisc/o synovi/o ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

27. 27 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Combining Forms Commonly Used with Musculoskeletal System Terms ankyl/o kinesi/o kyph/o lamin/o lord/o myel/o my/o, myos/o oste/o petr/o scoli/o

28. 28 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Prefixes inter- supra- sym-, syn-

29. 29 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Suffixes -asthenia -clasia -clasis, -clast -desis -physis -schisis

30. 30 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts arthritis arthrochondritis bursitis bursolith carpoptosis chondromalacia fibromyalgia kyphosis lordosis myasthenia myeloma osteitis osteoarthritis (OA) osteofibroma osteosarcoma rachischisis scoliosis tenosynovitis

31. 31 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Knee Joint A, Normal. B, Osteoarthritis.

32. 32 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts bunion carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Colles fracture fracture gout herniated disk muscular dystrophy (MD) osteoporosis rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

33. 33 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Terms Known by Other Names TermAlso called… kyphosishunchback rachischisisspina bifida bunionspur herniated diskslipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated nucleus pulposus

34. 34 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Bunion A, With bunion. B, After bunionectomy.

35. 35 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Colles Fracture

36. 36 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Fractures A, Greenstick; B, transverse; C, oblique; D, spiral; E, comminuted; F, compression.

37. 37 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Gout

38. 38 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts arthroclasia arthrodesis arthroplasty bursectomy carpectomy chondroplasty costectomy craniotomy diskectomy laminectomy meniscectomy myorrhaphy osteoclasis rachiotomy spondylosyndesis tenomyoplasty vertebroplasty

39. 39 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Herniated Disk

40. 40 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diskectomy

41. 41 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging arthrography Endoscopy arthroscopy Other arthrocentesis electromyogram (EMG)

42. 42 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. (joint) / cv / (visual examination)

43. 43 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts arthralgia atrophy bradykinesia dyskinesia intervertebral intracranial ishiofibular osteoblast vertebrocostal

44. 44 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts chiropodist, podiatrist chiropractor orthopedics orthopedist orthotics osteopath osteopathy prosthesis

45. 45 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Abbreviations C1-C7 CTS EMG L1-L5 MD MG OA ortho RA T1-T12