1. Systems of Defense Animal Systems

2. Yesterday, you illustrated a diagram of skin in your notebook! What are the three layers found in skin? Contains keratin for elasticity and waterproofing Contains melanin for pigmentation Functional layer of skin that contains nerve cells, blood vessels, hair follicles, and specialized skin cells. Made mostly of fat Lies beneath the dermis acting as a shock absorber and an insulator. Anchors the skin to underlying organs A B C

3. Yesterday, you illustrated a diagram of skin in your notebook! What are the three layers found in skin? Why do we need skin? Protection from injury 1 st Line of Defense against Disease Prevents the body from drying out

4. Now let’s look at your diagram of the structure of bone. Yellow bone marrow Spongy bone Compact bone Blood vessels Periosteum Porous inner core red bone marrow filled with red bone marrow Production of blood cells and platelets begins Hard outer covering Made of fat for energy storage. Tough exterior membrane Contains blood vessels Supplies nutrients to the bone

5. Now let’s look at your diagram of the structure of bone. Bone marrow Spongy bone Compact bone Blood vessels Periosteum Why do we need bones? Provides shape & support Protects internal organs Along with muscles, enables movement.

6. Both of these provide defense and protection to the animal. What do we need protection from? Injury & Illness How do they protect us? Provides a physical barrier A physical barrier from what???

7. 1st Line of Defense Skin and mucous membranes are the 1st Line of Defense against pathogens! What are pathogens? An agent that causes disease. Examples: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, allergens

8. How does the body recognize pathogens? Body cells have surface markers that indicate they belong in the body. When a pathogen infects a body cell, the infected body cell displays an antigen on the surface. The antigen triggers an immune response. Like little red flags Like an ID Badge

9. Let’s look at a few pathogens in more detail!!!

10. Viruses Non-living. Why? Needs a host cell to replicate Do not grow, metabolize, or maintain homeostasis. Only pathogenic (causes disease). Viruses are specific to certain kinds of cells. Ex: HIV infects only Helper T cells Before a virus can replicate, it must infect a living cell, called the host cell.

11. Virus Replication Once in a host, the virus can take one of two paths. 1. Lytic Cycle2. Lysogenic Cycle

12. Virus Replication- Lytic Cycle Infection Replication Cell destruction

13. Virus Replication- Lysogenic Cycle Results in two infected host cells. Each time the cell divides, the provirus also divides. Virus gene is inserted into host chromosome (called a provirus). Does not destroy host cell.

14. Common Viral Infections Cold soresHerpes Influenza (the flu) HIV/AIDS SARS Small pox Viral pneumoniaWarts Chicken poxHepatitis

15. Bacteria Remember Bacteria? Prokaryotes-No nucleus Obtain energy by autotrophy (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) or heterotrophy Can be harmful (cause disease) or helpful (food-making, mining, nitrogen fixing for the environment)

16. How do Bacteria cause disease? Bacteria can cause disease by metabolizing nutrients in their host (competition for resources) or by releasing toxins, which damage the host. Bacteria are identified by their shape and cell wall type.

17. Important Bacterial Infections Ear infections Upper Respiratory Infection Cavities Stomach Ulcers Tuberculosis Impetigo Carbuncles Food Poisoning

18. How can we treat infections? Only bacterial infections can be treated with an antibiotic. Why? Let’s look at the word— Unfortunately, viruses can only be treated with rest and fluids until your immune system destroys the cells infected with viruses. againstlife

19. What other methods are used to protect against pathogens? Prevention by vaccines! How does it work? How does it work? A weakened or heat-killed strain of a virus or bacteria is injected into your body. Your immune system responds to the vaccine by creating B cells, the memory cells. If the pathogen enters your body again, it is quickly recognized and destroyed.

20. Viruses Bacteria Draw this t-chart on the left side of your IN. Complete the t-chart by comparing and contrasting viruses and bacteria..

21. What happens if the pathogen gets past the 1 st Line of Defense? Draw a four square diagram in your notebook on the next right hand side. Inflammatory Response Label the four boxes as shown below. Temperature Response Complement SystemWhite Blood Cells

22. What happens if the pathogen gets past the 1 st Line of Defense? Temperature Response Complement SystemWhite Blood Cells Inflammatory Response Local blood vessels dilate. Increased blood flow to the area brings more white blood cells

23. What happens if the pathogen gets past the 1 st Line of Defense? Inflammatory Response Complement SystemWhite Blood Cells Temperature Response Fever. Bacteria can only grow within a certain temperature range. A fever raises the temperature so the bacteria cannot survive.

24. What happens if the pathogen gets past the 1 st Line of Defense? Temperature ResponseInflammatory Response White Blood Cells Complement System Made of about 20 different proteins Travels the bloodstream punching holes in the cell membranes of pathogens. Interferon, a protein released by virus-infected cells, prevents viruses from making proteins and RNA.

25. What happens if the pathogen gets past the 1 st Line of Defense? Temperature Response Complement System Inflammatory Response White Blood Cells Neutrophils-engulfs and destroys pathogens Macrophages-ingest and kills pathogens and clears dead cells and debris Natural Killer Cells-attacks cells infected with pathogens, punctures their cell membranes

26. What happens if the pathogen gets past the 1 st Line of Defense? 2 nd Line of Defense Temperature Response Fever. Bacteria can only grow within a certain temperature range. A fever raises the temperature so the bacteria cannot survive. Complement System Made of about 20 different proteins Travels the bloodstream punching holes in the cell membranes of pathogens. Interferon, a protein released by virus- infected cells, prevents viruses from making proteins and RNA. White Blood Cells Neutrophils-engulfs and destroys pathogens Macrophages-ingest and kills pathogens and clears dead cells and debris Natural Killer Cells-attacks cells infected with pathogens, punctures their cell membranes Inflammatory Response Local blood vessels dilate. Increased blood flow to the area brings more white blood cells

27. What happens if the pathogen gets past the 1 st Line of Defense? 2 nd Line of Defense Temperature Response Fever. Bacteria can only grow within a certain temperature range. A fever raises the temperature so the bacteria cannot survive. Complement System Made of about 20 different proteins Travels the bloodstream punching holes in the cell membranes of pathogens. Interferon, a protein released by virus- infected cells, prevents viruses from making proteins and RNA. White Blood Cells Neutrophils-engulfs and destroys pathogens Macrophages-ingest and kills pathogens and clears dead cells and debris Natural Killer Cells-attacks cells infected with pathogens, punctures their cell membranes Inflammatory Response Local blood vessels dilate. Increased blood flow to the area brings more white blood cells

28. What if the 2 nd Line of Defense doesn’t stop the pathogen? Specific Immune Response- 3 rd Line of Defense What does it mean to be SPECIFIC? def: of a special or particular kind Then what is a specific immune response?

29. So how does it work? Helper T cells recognize the antigens that are given off by macrophages that have ingested pathogens. The helper T cells then activate B cells and cytotoxic t cells. B cells become memory cells that help recognize the pathogen as soon as it is reintroduced to the body. Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells

30. Reflection: On the left hand side of your IN, write a description of the body defenses that are involved in the following scenario: Joe was slicing an apple when the knife slipped and sliced his thumb. Ouch!