1. Same-Day Wind Variability Forecasts Christopher J. Anderson Wednesday, June 6 ISU Wind REU

2. Wind Intermittency One-month average wind (black line) wind speed daily cycle has smooth variation. However, many days (color lines) contain abrupt 1- to 3- hour changes. A “ramp event” is a large increase or decrease in energy in a short time. Most problematic is the short excursions below the zero production threshold. “Ramp Event” Zero Production Threshold

3. How is Wind Intermittency Managed? Reserve energy within the grid. – Typical reserve capacities are 5-10% of peak production, which is generally not enough to handle a 2- to 3-hr dip in wind speed. Turn on a fossil fuel source. – Might take too long for coal to heat up and spin turbines at the needed capacity level. Purchase energy on the market. – Very pricey! But, sometimes necessary if day-ahead posting is not going to be met. Compare cost of penalty to market price. Brown outs. Each management option is expensive! And, it requires additional GHG offsets at other times or by other means.

4. The Future of Managing Wind Intermittency Expanding storage capacity for wind energy. – “It doesn’t rain every day but yet water is efficiently provided to billions of inhabitants on the planet.” – Large battery farms (Gamesa, Xcel). – Underground wind pressure. – Use wind energy to produce fuel. Short-term forecasting for grid optimization. – Draw from several regionally distributed farms. For example, draw from Wyoming when Iowa has a downturn. – Fast and numerous transmission lines.

5. Forecasting Two Causes of Wind Intermittency Thunderstorms Low Level Jet

6. Causes of Wind Intermittency: Thunderstorms

8. Causes of Wind Intermittency: Low Level Jet Low level jets occur at night. Wind shear and stability combinations result in sporadic bursts of higher wind speed.

9. Terrain Variations of 50-100m Impact LLJ Wind Spatial Variability

10. WRF 2-km Simulation of Spatial/Vertical Hourly Wind Variation for LLJ 2011 July 1 10 pm 1 am 7 pm 50 m AGL 80 m AGL 110 m AGL

11. 1-hr Average 80 m Wind Speed (m s -1 ) 3 PM June 30 4 AM July 1 10 PM July 1

12. And these are “typical” midwestern conditions! Hourly Wind Variation of LLJ is Impacted by Turbines within the Wind Farm Turbine Wake LLJ Max ~ 12 m/s LLJ Max ~ 16 m/s Rhodes, Aitken, Lundquist, 2010, 2011 Julie.Lundquist@colorado.edu

13. Wind Predictability and Forecast Strategies

14. DOE-NOAA-Private Sector Wind Forecast Improvement Project Implement a new networt capable of constant monitoring of wind profile across a region. (squares, circles, stars, arrows) Use a 3-km grid for a weather forecast model. Every hour, use wind network measurements as a starting condition for 15-hour 3-km weather forecast. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/psd3/wfip/

15. 2-hr Thunderstorm Forecast

17. 15-hr Wind Profile Forecast

18. The Future of Managing Wind Intermittency Expanding storage capacity for wind energy is under development. Short-term forecasting for grid optimization is on the way as early returns from WFIP are promising. – More forecast vendors coming into existence. – Results will provide Congress with guidance on necessary measurement system investments.