1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 16.38 – 16.66 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 16 The Reproductive System Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

2. Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle Slide 16.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Regulated by cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone  Stages of the menstrual cycle  Menses – functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed  Proliferative stage – regeneration of functional layer  Secretory stage – endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation

3. Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles Slide 16.39a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.12a, b

4. Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles Slide 16.39b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.12c, d

5. Hormone Production by the Ovaries Slide 16.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Estrogens  Produced by follicle cells  Cause secondary sex characteristics  Enlargement of accessory organs  Development of breasts  Appearance of pubic hair  Increase in fat beneath the skin  Widening and lightening of the pelvis  Onset of menses

6. Hormone Production by the Ovaries Slide 16.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Progesterone  Produced by the corpus luteum  Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood  Helps maintain pregnancy

7. Mammary Glands Slide 16.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Modified sweat glands  Function is to produce milk  Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase in size

8. Anatomy of Mammary Glands Slide 16.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Areola – central pigmented area  Nipple – protruding central area of areola  Lobes – internal structures that radiate around nipple  Alveolar glands – clusters of milk producing glands within lobules  Lactiferous ducts – connect alveolar glands to nipple

9. Stages of Pregnancy and Development Slide 16.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fertilization  Embryonic development  Fetal development  Childbirth

10. Fertilization Slide 16.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The oocyte(egg) is viable for 12 to 24 hours after ovulation  Sperm are viable for 12 to 48 hours after ejaculation-potentially 3 days?  Sperm cells must make their way to the fallopian tube for fertilization to be possible

11. Mechanisms of Fertilization Slide 16.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sperm has Acrosome(head) that has digestive enzymes to help penetrate egg  Egg(oocyte) will not permit permit a second sperm head to enter  Fertilization occurs when the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an egg (oocyte) to form a zygote

12. The Zygote Slide 16.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg  The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions  The zygote stage is in the uterine tube, moving toward the uterus

13. The Embryo Slide 16.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Developmental stage-until the ninth week  embryo division without growth  The embryo enters the uterus at the 16-cell state  The embryo floats free in the uterus temporarily  Uterine secretions are used for nourishment

14. The Blastocyst Slide 16.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ball-like circle of cells  Begins at about the 100 cell stage  Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to produce the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones  blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus (by day 14)

15. Development from Ovulation to Implantation Slide 16.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.15

16. Development After Implantation Slide 16.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The embryo is surrounded by the amnion (a fluid filled sac)  An umbilical cord forms to attach the embryo to the placenta

17. Development After Implantation Slide 16.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.16

18. Functions of the Placenta Slide 16.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (blood is not exchanged)  Delivers nutrients and oxygen  Removes waste from embryonic blood  Becomes an endocrine organ (produces hormones)  Estrogen  Progesterone  Other hormones that maintain pregnancy

19. The Fetus (Beginning of the Ninth Week) Slide 16.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  All organ systems formed by end of the 8th week  fetus are growth and organ specialization  A stage of tremendous growth and change in appearance

20. The Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Slide 16.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pregnancy – period from conception until birth  Anatomical changes  Enlargements of the uterus  Accentuated lumbar curvature  Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis (due to relaxin)

21. Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Slide 16.58a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Physiological changes  Gastrointestinal system  Morning sickness is common due to elevated progesterone  Heartburn is common because of organ crowding by the fetus  Constipation is caused by declining motility of the digestive tract

22. Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Slide 16.58b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Physiological changes  Urinary System  Kidneys have additional burden and produce more urine  The uterus compresses the bladder

23. Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Slide 16.59b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Physiological changes  Cardiovascular system  Body water rises  Blood volume increases by 25 to 40 percent  Blood pressure and pulse increase  Varicose veins are common

24. Childbirth (Partition) Slide 16.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Labor – the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus  Initiation of labor  Estrogen levels rise  Uterine contractions begin  The placenta releases prostaglandins  Oxytocin is released by the pituitary  Combination of these hormones produces contractions

25. Initiation of Labor Slide 16.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.18

26. Stages of Labor Slide 16.62a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Dilation  Cervix becomes dilated  Uterine contractions begin and increase  The amnion ruptures

27. Stages of Labor Slide 16.62b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Expulsion  Infant passes through the cervix and vagina  Normal delivery is head first  Placental stage  Delivery of the placenta

28. Stages of Labor Slide 16.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.19

29. Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System Slide 16.64b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Testes form in the abdominal cavity and descend to the scrotum one month before birth  The determining factor for gonad differentiation is testosterone

30. Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System Slide 16.65 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Reproductive system organs do not function until puberty  Puberty usually begins between ages 10 and 15  The first menses usually occurs about two years after the start of puberty  Most women reach peak reproductive ability in their late 20s

31. Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System Slide 16.66 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Menopause occurs when ovulation and menses cease entirely  Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs  There is a no equivalent of menopause in males, but there is a steady decline in testosterone