1. Monarchs of Europe

2. I.FRANCE Henry IV –Ushered in the “House of Bourbons” –Issued the Edict of Nantes Protected freedom of religion –Could not solve tax problem –Murdered in 1610 Cardinal Richelieu –Chief minister under Louis XIII –Worked to reduce strength of nobles and to reform the economy

3. The Thirty Years’ War –Protestant rebellion against Holy Roman Empire –Ended with Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Gave independence to Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland Overall it weakened the Holy Roman Empire

4. The Sun King Louis XIV became king of France –72 years reign –Ruled during French Exploration of New World –Believed in divine right of king Said, “I am the state” Versailles –Expense of palace strained the French economy

5. Domestic and economic policies –Absolute power for king –Reformed tax system –Leading naval power

6. Louis XIV’s legacy –France became a leading European power Caused destruction Loss of life and resources Loss of territory

7. II.RUSSIA Isolation –Asian influence (Mongols) –Religious differences Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic or Protestantism –Geographically separated from Europe –Michael Romanov united Russia

8. Peter the Great Westernizing Russia –Improved training and weaponry –Western architecture –Modernization in society

10. Catherine the Great Catherine’s policies –Domestic policies were meaningless or harmful to most Russians –Foreign policies won new territory and extended the Russian empire Poland –Russia split Poland with Prussia and Austria Expansion eastward –Siberia and Alaska

12. III.CENTRAL EUROPE Habsburgs –Maria Theresa Pragmatic Sanction allowed her to inherit all Habsburg lands

13. Frederick William I –Sought to make Prussia a great power –Efficient system of government Moved away from French influence Cut lavish spending Frederick the Great –Highly intelligent –Expanded territory and prestige

14. Conflict Between Prussia and Austria The Diplomatic Revolution –Reversal of alliances resulted in France and Austria opposing Prussia and Great Britain The Seven Years’ War – 1756 to 1763 –Began in North America as the French and Indian War The years of peace –European powers reluctant to fight again –Rebuilt and strengthened kingdoms at home

15. IV.ENGLAND House of Tudor –Henry VII was the first Tudor to rule –Henry VIII followed and established a new religion Anglican Church –Married 6 times, had 3 children

16. Edward VI –Youngest of Henry’s offspring, but only male heir –Took power at age of 9 –Though young, was responsible for many reforms in the Anglican Church –Chronic health problems, fell ill & died at 15 –Named his Protestant cousin, Jane Grey, as his successor

17. Mary I –Eldest of Henry VIII’s children –Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s 1 st wife Spanish princess, devout Catholic –Had Jane Grey beheaded & claimed power –Mary I married Philip II of Spain –Persecuted Protestant clergy –Failed because persecutions were too extreme –“Bloody Mary”

18. Elizabeth I Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots –Mary plotted to kill Elizabeth Catholics again attempting to end Anglican rule –Elizabeth had Mary beheaded The Spanish Armada –English ships defeated “Invincible Armada” –English had smaller faster ships Religious problems –Puritans wanted to rid church of all Catholic practices –Tudors persecuted non-Anglicans Relations with Parliament –Parliament challenged royal power –Elizabeth managed them skillfully

19. English Parliament (congress) House of Lords –Made up of nobles and clergy –Born into position House of Commons –Made up of gentry and burgesses –Gentry were landowners with no formal titles –Burgesses were merchants and professional people

20. James I Son of Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart Family) –Ruled England and Scotland Strong supporter of Anglican Church King James Version of Bible Lacked economic and diplomatic skill Believed in divine right of kings, did not like sharing power with Parliament