1. Autotrophs= producers: organisms that use photosynthesis to make food
Heterotrophs= consumers: organisms that must eat other organisms to get their energy

2. Photosynthesis & cellular Respiration form a cycle in the environment
Photosynthesis & cellular Respiration form a cycle in the environment. The products for one are the reactants for the other.
Sunlight energy
Carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration
Oxygen & food
Photosynthesis

3. Light comes from the sun in tiny packets called photons
Light comes from the sun in tiny packets called photons. Sun’s energy contains a whole range of types of light. Plants are most concerned with the visible spectrum of the light– the colors, ROYGBIV.

4. carotenoids
chlorophylls
Objects appear certain colors because they reflect that wavelength of light. Example: plants appear green because chlorophyll absorbs all other colors of light and reflects green. Some plants have carotenoids, which reflect orange, red, yellow, and brown.

5. Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll makes it appear green.
Thylakoids– flattened disks inside the chloroplast
Granum– a stack of thylakoids
Stroma– fluid around the thylakoids

6. Thylakoids are made of membranes– what are the molecules that make up membranes?
Photosynthesis really occurs on the thylakoid membrane.

8. Steps of photosynthesis
Light-dependent reactions (require light to begin, occur on the thylakoid membrane)
1. Light hits the chlorophyll molecule
2. electrons become excited or activated
3. electrons move down a series of proteins called the electron transport chain
4. water is split into H+ & oxygen
5. ATP & NADPH are made

9. Steps of photosynthesis (cont.)
Light-independent reactions (do not require light to begin, occur in the stroma)
6. NADPH and ATP travel from the light reactions and provide energy to make the Calvin Cycle
7. Carbon dioxide reacts with other molecules
8. a long chain reaction eventually produces glucose and other food molecules

10. 6CO H2O  C6H12O O2
The reaction of photosynthesis also starts with light and requires chlorophyll.
The reactants are carbon dioxide & water. The products are glucose & oxygen.

11. Helper molecules– are made during one part of the pathway and are used during another, later, part of the pathway
NADPH ATP
NADPH and ATP are made during the light reactions and are necessary for the dark reactions.

12. 1 7 2 3
thylakoids 4 5 6 8

13. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
Remember that photosynthesis & cellular respiration are a continuous cycle– the reactants of one are the products for the other
6CO H2O  C6H12O O2
photosynthesis
C6H12O O2  6CO H2O
Cellular respiration

14. ATP– adenosine triphosphate= energy

15. Cellular Respiration takes place in three phases:
Glycolysis
The splitting of (6-carbon) glucose into 2 (3-carbon) pyruvates
Krebs Cycle
chain reaction producing ATP, NADH, & FADH2, releasing of CO2
Electron Transport Chain
massive production of ATP

16. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm right outside the mitochondria
Splits (6-carbon) glucose into 2 (3-carbon) molecules called pyruvate
Produces 2 ATPs
Cleavage– splitting in half

17. Krebs Cycle Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl co-A
Carbon dioxide is produced
Acetyl co-A enters the cycle
A little ATP is produced
NADH & FADH2 (helper molecules) are produced.
Krebs Cycle

18. Electron Transport chain Occurs on the inner membrane
Energy from NADH & FADH2 provide electrons
Over 30 molecules of ATP are made
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

19. Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondrial
matrix
Electron
Transport
Chain

20. Fermentation (anaerobic)
If oxygen is absent, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain will not take place.
Fermentation happens after glycolysis if oxygen is absent.
1. lactic acid fermentation
2. alcoholic fermentation (produces
ethyl alcohol)