1. Cellular Respiration Pages: 98 to 103 and 357 to 368

2. Understandings - Basics  Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP  ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell  Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose  Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose  Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers  Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP  ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell  Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose  Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose  Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers

3. Basic Vocabulary  Aerobic  Anaerobic  Catabolic  Anabolic  Oxidation  Reduction  Aerobic  Anaerobic  Catabolic  Anabolic  Oxidation  Reduction

4. Oxidation and Reduction OxidationReduction Loss of electronsGain of electrons Gain of oxygenLoss of oxygen Loss of hydrogenGain of hydrogen Results in many C-O bondsResults in many C-H bonds Lower potential energyHigher potential energy OIL RIG or LEO goes GER

5. Oxidation and Reduction C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy (as ATP)  What is oxidized?  glucose  What is reduced?  oxygen  Overall Redox reaction C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy (as ATP)  What is oxidized?  glucose  What is reduced?  oxygen  Overall Redox reaction

6. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration  Both begin with glucose entering glycolysis  Takes place in cytoplasm  Requires 2 ATP  Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate  Produces 4 ATP  Net yield of 2 ATP  Both begin with glucose entering glycolysis  Takes place in cytoplasm  Requires 2 ATP  Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate  Produces 4 ATP  Net yield of 2 ATP

7. Alcoholic Fermentation  Pyruvate enters into anaerobic respiration when no oxygen is available  No more ATP is created  Pyruvate becomes ethanol by losing carbon dioxide  Pyruvate enters into anaerobic respiration when no oxygen is available  No more ATP is created  Pyruvate becomes ethanol by losing carbon dioxide pyruvate ethanolpyruvate glucose ethanol CO2

8. Fermentation  What type of organism uses alcoholic fermentation?  Where is alcoholic fermentation seen in our daily lives?  How does fermentation apply to animals?  What is produced? Does it just continue to build up?  What type of organism uses alcoholic fermentation?  Where is alcoholic fermentation seen in our daily lives?  How does fermentation apply to animals?  What is produced? Does it just continue to build up?

9. Lactic Acid Fermentation pyruvate Lactatepyruvate glucose Lactate

10. Application  Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking  Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions  Anaerobic respiration Bozeman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w  Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking  Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions  Anaerobic respiration Bozeman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w

11. Aerobic Respiration  Glycolysis: Glucose to Pyruvate  Linking Reaction: Pyruvate loses CO2 and combines with coenzyme A to create acetyl-CoA  Krebs Cycle: Acetyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA  ETC: NADH and FADH to ATP  Glycolysis: Glucose to Pyruvate  Linking Reaction: Pyruvate loses CO2 and combines with coenzyme A to create acetyl-CoA  Krebs Cycle: Acetyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA  ETC: NADH and FADH to ATP

12. Aerobic Respiration  How much ATP is produced in each part of the process?  Glycolysis: 2  Krebs Cycle: 2  Electron Transport Chain with the chemiosmosis: 32  What is chemiosmosis?  How much ATP is produced in each part of the process?  Glycolysis: 2  Krebs Cycle: 2  Electron Transport Chain with the chemiosmosis: 32  What is chemiosmosis?

13. Understandings - Glycolysis  Phosphorylation of molecules make them less stable  In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm  Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen  In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction  Phosphorylation of molecules make them less stable  In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm  Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen  In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction

14. Glycolysis

15. (1) 6-carbon glucose (1) Fructose-1,6 - bisphosphate (2) ATP  (2) ADP (2) glyceraldehyde – 3 - phosphate P P P P lysis P P P P (2) 3 carbon compound (2) pyruvate (2) NAD+  (2) NADH (4) ADP  (4) ATP

16. Glycolysis Summary  2 ATP used  4 ATPS produced  2 net ATP produced  2 molecules of NADH produced  2 pyruvate molecules produced at end of pathway  Occurs in the cytoplasm  Controlled by enzymes – feedback inhibition blocks the first enzyme pathway if ATP is high  2 ATP used  4 ATPS produced  2 net ATP produced  2 molecules of NADH produced  2 pyruvate molecules produced at end of pathway  Occurs in the cytoplasm  Controlled by enzymes – feedback inhibition blocks the first enzyme pathway if ATP is high

17. Activity Time Cellular Respiration POGILS

18. LAB TIME Analysis of results from experiments involving measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds or invertebrates using a respirometer.

19. Understandings – Krebs  In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD  Analysis of diagrams of the pathways of aerobic respiration to deduce where decarboxylation and oxidation reaction occurs  In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD  Analysis of diagrams of the pathways of aerobic respiration to deduce where decarboxylation and oxidation reaction occurs

20. The Link Reaction  What did glycolysis just create?  Where are we in the cell?  Where do we need to go in the cell?  What do we need to become in order to start the Krebs Cycle?  What did glycolysis just create?  Where are we in the cell?  Where do we need to go in the cell?  What do we need to become in order to start the Krebs Cycle?

21. The Link Reaction

22.  Controlled by enzymes  Decarboxylation occurs  Oxidation Reduction occurs  Acetyl CoA can be stored as fats  What is the benefit of this?  When does this occur?  Controlled by enzymes  Decarboxylation occurs  Oxidation Reduction occurs  Acetyl CoA can be stored as fats  What is the benefit of this?  When does this occur?

23. Krebs Cycle  Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle 1.Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate 2.Citrate gets decarboxylated and oxidized to a 5C molecule 3.5C is decarboxylated and oxidized to 4C 4.4C is Oxidized into oxaloacetate  Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle 1.Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate 2.Citrate gets decarboxylated and oxidized to a 5C molecule 3.5C is decarboxylated and oxidized to 4C 4.4C is Oxidized into oxaloacetate

25. Krebs Cycle Summary  Two “turns” of the cycle for on glucose molecule  2 ATP per glucose  6 NADH produced  2 FADH 2 produced  4 molecules of CO 2  How many have been produced so far?  What is the significance of this number?  Two “turns” of the cycle for on glucose molecule  2 ATP per glucose  6 NADH produced  2 FADH 2 produced  4 molecules of CO 2  How many have been produced so far?  What is the significance of this number?

26. Time for Oxidative Phosphorylation POGIL TIME

27. Understandings - ETC  Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping  In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP  Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to form water to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water  Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping  In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP  Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to form water to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water

28. Electron Transport Chain  A TP is the star….  … but not without Oxygen  Occurs in the inner mitochondria membrane  Called the cristae  A TP is the star….  … but not without Oxygen  Occurs in the inner mitochondria membrane  Called the cristae

29. ETC  Membrane houses molecules that are easily used for redox reactions  Allows for electrons to transfer quickly to form a gradient  Most are proteins called cytochromes  One is not a protein, called coenzyme Q  Electrons are passed because of a higher electronegativity and stronger attraction on the next molecule  Electrons come by NADH and FADH 2  Difference in electronegativity between carries is not great, so energy is preserved  Membrane houses molecules that are easily used for redox reactions  Allows for electrons to transfer quickly to form a gradient  Most are proteins called cytochromes  One is not a protein, called coenzyme Q  Electrons are passed because of a higher electronegativity and stronger attraction on the next molecule  Electrons come by NADH and FADH 2  Difference in electronegativity between carries is not great, so energy is preserved

30. ETC  FADH 2 comes In at a lower free energy level than NADH  FADH 2 creates 2 ATP  NADH creates 3 ATP  32 ATP total  De-energized electrons combine with OXYGEN!!  Because of the high electronegativity  Two hydrogens join to make H 2 O  FADH 2 comes In at a lower free energy level than NADH  FADH 2 creates 2 ATP  NADH creates 3 ATP  32 ATP total  De-energized electrons combine with OXYGEN!!  Because of the high electronegativity  Two hydrogens join to make H 2 O

32. Chemiosmosis  Movement of protons to provide energy so that phosphorylation can occur  Specifically called oxidative phosphorylation in this case  Process that actually assembles ATP  Movement of protons to provide energy so that phosphorylation can occur  Specifically called oxidative phosphorylation in this case  Process that actually assembles ATP

33. Summary  Theoretically, 36 ATP are produced, but its more like 30  Some hydrogen ions move back to matrix without the help of ATP synthase  Some hydrogen energy helps transport pyruvate to mitochondria  30 ATP is about 30% of the energy that was originally in the glucose molecule  Where does the rest of the energy go?  Theoretically, 36 ATP are produced, but its more like 30  Some hydrogen ions move back to matrix without the help of ATP synthase  Some hydrogen energy helps transport pyruvate to mitochondria  30 ATP is about 30% of the energy that was originally in the glucose molecule  Where does the rest of the energy go?

34. Video Time  Crash Course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ  Bozeman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0Mhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M  Crash Course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ  Bozeman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0Mhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M

35. Understandings - Mitochondria  The structure of the mitochondria is adapted to the function it performs  Electron tomography used to produce images of active mitochondria  Skill: Annotation of a diagram of a mitochondria to indicate the adaptations to its functions  The structure of the mitochondria is adapted to the function it performs  Electron tomography used to produce images of active mitochondria  Skill: Annotation of a diagram of a mitochondria to indicate the adaptations to its functions

36. Mitochondria  Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?  Matrix  Where does the ETC occur?  Cristae  large surface area for proteins on membrane  Allows for a proton gradient  Inner membranes have ATP synthase  Hydrogen ions flow through this channel and the energy is used to make ATP  Chart on page 368 is important!!  Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?  Matrix  Where does the ETC occur?  Cristae  large surface area for proteins on membrane  Allows for a proton gradient  Inner membranes have ATP synthase  Hydrogen ions flow through this channel and the energy is used to make ATP  Chart on page 368 is important!!