1. Solutions & Other Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures Amount of each substance in different samples of mixture varies

2. Suspensions Heterogeneous mixture in which particles of a substance are more or less evenly distributed throughout a liquid or gas Particles in a suspension are large and will eventually settle out Particles in a suspension may be filtered out Can classify a mixture as a suspension if the particles settle out or can be filtered out Some mixtures of two liquids will separate: Liquids are immiscible Ex.- oil and vinegar

3. Particles in a colloid are too small to settle out Particles in a colloid are smaller than those in suspensions: pass through filters and remain suspended Examples of colloids: Egg whites Blood plasma Whipped cream Marshmallows Fog Smoke Some immiscible liquids can form colloids Emulsion: a colloid in which liquids that normally do not mix are dispersed throughout each other

4. Homogeneous Mixtures Individual components of the mixture too small to be seen; uniform mixture

5. Homogeneous mixtures are solutions Solution: homogeneous mixture of one or more substances uniformly dispersed among similar particles of another substance Solute: substance that does the dissolving Solvent: substance in which the solute dissolves Miscible liquids mix to form solutions Can separate miscible liquids through process of distillation

6. Liquid solutions sometimes contain no water Examples: gasoline, crude oil, paint stripper, diesel fuel, kerosene Other states of matter can also form solutions Examples: Air Vinegar Soft Drinks Dental amalgam Solids can dissolve in other solids Alloys: homogeneous mixture usually composed of two or more metals

7. Dissolving depends on forces between particles Rule of thumb in chemistry: like dissolves like Polar dissolves polar: Water dissolves sugar Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar: Paint thinner dissolves paint The Dissolving Process Solutes with a larger surface area dissolve faster Solutes dissolve faster when the solvent is hot Stirring or shaking a solution helps the solute dissolve faster

8. Solubility & Concentration Solubility in Water Solubility: the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure Different substances have different solubilities Concentration: quantity of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution Concentrated Dilute

9. Unsaturated solutions can dissolve more solute At some point, most solutions become saturated with solute(s) Saturated solution Heating a saturated solution usually dissolves more solute Temperature and pressure affect the solubility of gases As temperature increases, gas solubility decreases As pressure increases, gas solubility increases