1. New Immigrants Up until the 1880s, most immigrants came from Britain or western Europe Protestants High rate of literacy By the late 1880s, many were coming from Southern & Eastern Europe Orthodox, Jewish, or Catholic Illiterate and poor Americans felt immigrants should quickly assimilate, buy many retained elements of their own culture

2. Nativism Nativists gave new immigrants a rude reception & believed that old-stock values & social patterns were preferable to those of immigrants Anti-foreign organizations developed American Protective Association (APA) was against Catholics Congress first restricted immigration in 1882 by banning paupers, criminals, & convicts; then passed the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

3. “Looking Backward” 1893 "They would close to the new-comer the bridge that carried them and their fathers over.”

4. Urban Growth Population of cities tripled between 1870-1900 New immigrants settled here Mechanization of agriculture meant farming required fewer workers 1900 New York City was the 2nd biggest city in the world (3.4 million)

5. Urban Growth

6. Louis Sullivan the skyscraper “form follows function” Separated by class Wealthy established fashionable districts in the heart of the city Middle class lived on the outskirts of the city in the “streetcar suburbs” The poor/working class lived in dark, crowded tenements

7. Tenements

8. Urban Growth New transportation Elevated rail lines Electrical streetcars Subways