1. Chapter 10
Urban
America

2. Immigration
Chapter 10 Section 1

3. Section 1-1 Guide to Reading Main Idea Key Terms and Names
After the Civil War, millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia settled in the United States.
Key Terms and Names
steerage
nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ellis Island
Jacob Riis
Angel Island
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Section 1-1

4. Section 1-5 Europeans Flood Into the United States
By 1900, eastern and southern Europeans made up more than half of all immigrants.
Of the 14 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, many were European Jews.
(pages 336–339)
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Section 1-5

5. Section 1-6 Europeans Flood Into the United States (cont.)
America offered immigrants employment, few immigration restrictions, avoidance of military service, religious freedom, and the chance to move up the social ladder.
Most immigrants took the difficult trip to America in steerage, the least expensive accommodations on a steamship.
The 14-day trip usually ended at Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor.
(pages 336–339)
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Section 1-6

7. Section 1-7 Europeans Flood Into the United States (cont.)
It served as a processing center for most immigrants arriving on the East coast after 1892.
Most immigrants passed through Ellis Island in a day.
However, some faced the possibility of being separated from family and possibly sent back to Europe due to health problems.
(pages 336–339)
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Section 1-7

8. Section 1-8 Europeans Flood Into the United States (cont.)
Most immigrants settled in cities.
They lived in neighborhoods that were separated into ethnic groups.
Here they duplicated many of the comforts of their homelands, including language and religion.
Immigrants who learned English, adapted to American culture, had marketable skills or money, or if they settled among members of their own ethnic group tended to adjust well to living in the United States.
(pages 336–339)
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Section 1-8

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Europeans Flood Into the United States (cont.)
What helped immigrants adjust to living in the United States?
Immigrants tended to adjust well to living in the United States if they quickly learned English and adapted to the American culture. Skilled immigrants, those who had money, or those who lived among their own ethnic group also tended to adjust more successfully.
(pages 336–339)
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Section 1-9

10. Section 1-10 Asian Immigration to America
Severe unemployment, poverty, and famine in China; the discovery of gold in California; the Taiping Rebellion in China; and the demand for railroad workers in the United States led to an increase in Chinese immigration to the United States in the mid-1800s.
In Western cities, Chinese immigrants worked as laborers, servants, skilled tradesmen, and merchants.
Some opened their own laundries.
(page 339)
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Section 1-10

11. Section 1-11 Asian Immigration to America
(cont.)
Between 1900 and 1908, large numbers of Japanese migrated to the United States as Japan began to build an industrial economy and an empire.
In 1910 a barracks was opened on Angel Island in California.
Here, Asian immigrants, mostly young men and boys, waited sometimes for months for the results of immigration hearings.
(page 339)
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Section 1-11

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Asian Immigration to America
(cont.)
What caused the increase in Japanese immigrants between 1900 and 1910?
Japanese immigration to the United States increased because Japan started to build an industrial economy and an empire. The economy of Japan was disrupted and caused hardship for the Japanese people.
(page 339)
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Section 1-12

13. Section 1-13 The Resurgence of Nativism
The increase in immigration led to nativism, an extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people and the desire to limit immigration.
Earlier, in the 1840s and 1850s, nativism was directed towards the Irish.
In the early 1900s, it was the Asian, Jews, and eastern Europeans that were the focus of nativism.
Nativism led to the forming of two anti-immigrant groups.
(page 340)
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Section 1-13

14. Section 1-14 The Resurgence of Nativism (cont.)
The American Protective Association was founded in 1887.
The party’s founder, Henry Bowers, disliked Catholicism.
He wanted to stop Catholic immigration.
In the 1870s, Denis Kearny, an Irish immigrant, organized the Workingman’s Party of California.
This group wanted to stop Chinese immigration.
Racial violence resulted.
(page 340)
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Section 1-14

15. Section 1-15 The Resurgence of Nativism (cont.)
In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in America from becoming citizens.
This act was renewed by Congress in 1892, made permanent in 1902, and not repealed until 1943.
(page 340)
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Section 1-15

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The Resurgence of Nativism (cont.)
Why did nativists oppose eastern European immigrants?
Nativists thought the large influx of Catholic immigrants from Ireland would give the Catholic Church too much power in the American government. Labor unions feared that immigrants would work for lower wages and take work as strikebreakers.
(page 340)
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Section 1-16

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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.
__ 1. cramped quarters on a ship’s lower decks for passengers paying the lowest fares
__ 2. a preference for native–born people and a desire to limit immigration A
A. steerage
B. nativism B
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Section 1-17

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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Describe where most immigrants to the United States settled in the late 1800s.
Most immigrants settled in neighborhoods of large cities.
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Section 1-18

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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Explain why nativist organizations sought to limit immigration.
Nativist organizations disliked their religion, and immigrants were perceived to take jobs from Americans.
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Section 1-19

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Reviewing Themes
Geography and History What routes did European and Asian immigrants take to get to the United States?
Europeans generally entered through Ellis Island, New York, Asians through Angel Island, San Francisco.
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Section 1-20

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Critical Thinking
Analyzing Why did some Americans blame immigrants for the nation’s problems?
They were blamed for economic recession and stigmatized for their religion and political beliefs.
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Section 1-21

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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Political Cartoons Compare the cartoons on page 338 of your textbook. What conclusions can you draw about American views on immigration in the late 1880s? Why do you think various people viewed immigration differently?
Some Americans embraced immigrants and others were threatened by new arrivals.
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Section 1-22

23. Close
Evaluate how nativism affected immigration policies.
Section 1-23