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4. Chemotaxis Two-Component Regulatory Systems Quorum Sensing Control of Transcription in Archaea Sensing and Signal Transduction Microbial Genetics > Sensing and Signal Transduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology?campaign_content=book_5777_section_101&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Chemoattractants and chemorepellents are inorganic or organic substances possessing chemotaxis-inducer effect in motile cells. Some bacteria, such as E. coli, have several flagella that can rotate to facilitate chemotaxis. The overall movement of a bacterium is the result of alternating tumble and swim phases. Chemotaxis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-genetics-7/sensing-and-signal-transduction-101/chemotaxis-528- 6641?campaign_content=book_5777_section_101&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Chemoattractants and chemorepellents View on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics > Sensing and Signal Transduction

6. Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors, and growth conditions. Signal transduction can occur through the transfer of phosphoryl groups from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a specific histidine residue in the histidine kinases (HK). A variant of the two-component system is the phospho-relay system. Two-Component Regulatory Systems Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-genetics-7/sensing-and-signal-transduction-101/two-component-regulatory-systems-529- 5365?campaign_content=book_5777_section_101&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Signal transduction View on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics > Sensing and Signal Transduction

7. Some of the best-known examples of quorum sensing come from studies of bacteria. Bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate certain behaviors based on the local density of the bacterial population. Bacteria that use quorum sensing constitutively produce and secrete certain signaling molecules (called autoinducers or pheromones). Quorum Sensing Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-genetics-7/sensing-and-signal-transduction-101/quorum-sensing-530- 6636?campaign_content=book_5777_section_101&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Quorum Sensing View on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics > Sensing and Signal Transduction

8. The proteins that archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes share form a common core of cell function, relating mostly to transcription, translation, and nucleotide metabolism. The archaean RNA polymerase and ribosomes are very close to their equivalents in eukaryotes. However, other archaean transcription factors are closer to those found in bacteria. Control of Transcription in Archaea Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/microbial-genetics-7/sensing-and-signal-transduction-101/control-of-transcription-in-archaea-531- 4716?campaign_content=book_5777_section_101&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Archaea View on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics > Sensing and Signal Transduction

9. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

10. Key terms archaea a taxonomic domain of single-celled organisms lacking nuclei that are fundamentally different from bacteria. chemotaxis Chemotaxis is the phenomenon whereby somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements in response to certain chemicals in their environment. density A measure of the amount of matter contained by a given volume. eukaryotes A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried. flagella A flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. histidine kinase Histidine Kinases (HK) are multifunctional, typically transmembrane, proteins of the transferase class that play a role in signal transduction across the cellular membrane. movement Physical motion between points in space. population A collection of organisms of a particular species, sharing a particular characteristic of interest, most often that of living in a given area. quorum sensing Quorum sensing is a system of stimulus and response correlated to population density. Many species of bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population. Signal transduction Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response. transcription Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. Two-component systems Two-component systems serve as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions. They typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase that senses a specific environmental stimulus and a corresponding response regulator that mediates the cellular response, mostly through differential expression of target genes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics

11. Quorum Sensing Model of Quorum sensing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Bacterial Quorum Sensing by CarolineDahl." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacterial_Quorum_Sensing_by_CarolineDahl.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacterial_Quorum_Sensing_by_CarolineDahl.jpgView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

12. Chemoattractants and chemorepellents In response to chemoattractants, cells move toward the stimulant. In response to chemorepellents, cells move away from them. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Chtx-AttrRep-en." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chtx-AttrRep-en.png View on Boundless.comCC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chtx-AttrRep-en.pngView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

13. Signal transduction An overview of major signal transduction pathways. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Signal transduction pathways." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signal_transduction_pathways.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signal_transduction_pathways.svgView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

14. Archaea An image of Halobacteria sp. strain NRC-1, each cell about 5 μm long Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Archaea." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea%2523Genetics View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea%2523GeneticsView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

15. Bacterial chemotaxis Correlation of swimming behavior and flagellar rotation in E. coli. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "ChtxCCW%2520CW%2520(Fixed)." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChtxCCW_CW_(Fixed).png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChtxCCW_CW_(Fixed).pngView on Boundless.com Microbial Genetics

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics In the presence of a chemoattractant, a bacterium with flagella would be expected to exhibit which of the following? A) Prolonged swim phases with brief, random tumble phases B) Prolonged tumble phases with brief, random swim phases C) Equal periods of swim and tumble phases D) A permanent tumble phase

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics In the presence of a chemoattractant, a bacterium with flagella would be expected to exhibit which of the following? A) Prolonged swim phases with brief, random tumble phases B) Prolonged tumble phases with brief, random swim phases C) Equal periods of swim and tumble phases D) A permanent tumble phase

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics Which of the following parts of a two-component regulatory system is directly responsible for the stimulation or repression of target genes? A) the response regulator B) the histidine kinase C) the N-terminal ligand-binding domain D) the C-terminal kinase domain

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics Which of the following parts of a two-component regulatory system is directly responsible for the stimulation or repression of target genes? A) the response regulator B) the histidine kinase C) the N-terminal ligand-binding domain D) the C-terminal kinase domain

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics Quorum sensing mechanisms require large numbers of bacteria to be present because: A) the cells must be touching each other to activate the mechanism. B) the inducer must be made in sufficient quantities to activate its receptor. C) these mechanisms require large amounts of ATP to be secreted. D) there must be enough autoinducer present to overcome the pheromones.

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics Quorum sensing mechanisms require large numbers of bacteria to be present because: A) the cells must be touching each other to activate the mechanism. B) the inducer must be made in sufficient quantities to activate its receptor. C) these mechanisms require large amounts of ATP to be secreted. D) there must be enough autoinducer present to overcome the pheromones.

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics All of the following are true statements concerning gene expression in archaea EXCEPT: A) Archaea and bacteria have similar versions of RNA polymerase. B) Most archaean genes do not have introns. C) Most proteins unique to the archaea play a role in methanogenesis. D) Archaean genes can be organized into operons.

23. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Microbial Genetics All of the following are true statements concerning gene expression in archaea EXCEPT: A) Archaea and bacteria have similar versions of RNA polymerase. B) Most archaean genes do not have introns. C) Most proteins unique to the archaea play a role in methanogenesis. D) Archaean genes can be organized into operons.

24. Attribution Wikipedia. "Archae." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archae#GeneticsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archae#Genetics Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/eukaryotesCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/eukaryotes Wiktionary. "transcription." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcriptionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcription Wikipedia. "archaea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/archaeaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/archaea Wikipedia. "Two-component regulatory system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-component_regulatory_systemCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-component_regulatory_system Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/signal-transductionCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/signal-transduction Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/histidine-kinaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/histidine-kinase Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/two-component-systemsCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/two-component-systems Wikipedia. "Quorum sensing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensing Wiktionary. "density." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/densityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/density Wiktionary. "population." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/populationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/population Wiktionary. "quorum sensing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quorum+sensingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quorum+sensing Wikipedia. "Chemotaxis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemotaxisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis Wiktionary. "movement." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/movementCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/movement Wikipedia. "flagella." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flagellaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flagella Wiktionary. "chemotaxis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemotaxisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chemotaxis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Microbial Genetics