1. Rugerero, Rwanda A village tap is located in the center of the village Housing units have been equipped with rainwater catchment systems

2. Why Rugerero? Barefoot Artists, a Philadelphia based NGO, started working in the area in 2004 to build a genocide memorial JeffHealth, first year medical students from Jefferson medical school, started working in the area in 2006 JeffHealth requested the assistance of Engineers Without Borders

3. Assessment Trip – February 2008 Jan 27 – Feb 5, 2008 Traveling Team: – Lora Markley (Project Lead) – Bob DiFilippo – Bob Hankin – Linford Martin Stayed in Guest House in Gisenyi (~4 miles from Rugerero)

4. Assessment Trip Met with Rugerero’s health committee – Discussed challenges related to water supply and sanitation – Sanitation improvements were expressed as the top priority by committee members Evaluated Status of Septic Systems for all 100 homes Assessed water sources: – local tap – rainwater catchment – river

5. Rugerero, Rwanda Latrines Each home has a pour flush “toilet” with a pipe connected to a 6’ by 10’ septic pit with four cement lids.

6. Rugerero – Current Latrine Design Typical Plot Layout – Buildings are duplexes with two homes – Each home has a septic pit in patio area Latrines – Pour-flush from Bathroom to septic tank Septic Tank Design – Concrete lids – ~ 6 m 3 volume

7. Cement Lids on Many Latrines Collapsed

8. Results of Assessment ~30% latrines not functional Green = functioning Yellow = in use with broken lids Red = not functioning

9. Design Constraints/Desires Desirable Features of New Design Eliminate need for water to flush Increase patio area for cultivation Plan for future when pits are full Use mud-brick construction for out- house Minimize purchase of new materials One latrine for each household Involve community in construction Requirements for New Design Eliminate long spans in slabs All components can be moved by hand Robust support of latrine platform Repair of septic pit aprons – as foundation for outhouse structure Plan for moving latrine if pit becomes full Convert from Pour-Flush Latrine with Septic Pit to a Pit Latrine Utilizing Portion of Current Septic Pit

10. Several Design Options Considered Convert Septic Pit into Pit Latrine 1.Build Walls to Subdivide of Pit fill remainder of pit for garden use 2.Fill Entire Pit Dig pit latrine Move when full 3.Install 2 Circular Pits Fill remainder of Pit Add support beam across middle With all designs, a platform covers the pit and supports adobe outhouse.

11. Design Features Ventilated Pit Latrine (VIP) – Reduction of odors, flies Outhouse – Constructed from local materials Cement slabs – Fabricated on-site – Forms will remain in community Pit wall – Constructed with cement block

12. Final Latrine Construction Design Install a wall splitting each current Septic Pit into halves – Use cement block available locally – Wall supports outhouse Lay cement slabs on the existing Septic pit apron and newly installed wall – Constructed locally with metal forms – Movable if pit fills Install Ventilation Pipe Build adobe house structure

13. Final Design Need Picture from Bob D

14. Supplies Needed Fabrication required by local metal shop: Metal forms for concrete slab construction Supplies: Cement Adobe bricks Blocks Tin PVC Pipes Re-bar Screen Black paint Fill Wood

15. Supplies Needed General tools: Shovels and sledgehammers for leveling the latrine hole Tape measure Mixing pans, shovels, troughs, rakes, hoes, to mix and finish concrete Shovels and wheel barrels to transfer and pour sand and concrete into forms Wheel barrels and shovels to move dirt Ropes for moving slabs Cement mix pans and troughs to mix mortar when mortaring stones for latrine Hammers and chisels to fit stones Tools to compact fill dirt around latrine and prevent settling around latrines

16. Project Economics and Budget Travel – $12,000 (6 people) Lodging/Food – $2520 (2 weeks) Translator – $200 Supplies – ~$4000 Material Total – $775 per unit – $31,000 for 40 units TOTAL = $50,000

17. Project Schedule Construction Schedule for Latrine ConstructionSeptember TaskDurationWho4 - 811 - 1518 - 22 Construction Material Procurement - tin2 WeeksTeam 1 Material Procurement - adobe bricks2 WeeksTeam 1 Material Procurement - cement2 WeeksTeam 1 Material Procurement - rebar2 WeeksTeam 1 Material Procurement - Fill material2 WeeksTeam 1 Material Procurement - PVC2 WeeksTeam 1 Material Procurement - Screens2 WeeksTeam 1 Material Procurement - Wood2 WeeksTeam 1 Fabrication of molds - for cement slabs1 WeekTeam 1 Fabrication of cement slabs2 Weeks Team 1/ Team 2/ Community Identify units for implementation2 WeeksTeam 1/ Community Identify skilled labor in the community2 WeeksTeam 1 Prepare the bottom of the tanks2 WeeksTeam 1/ Community Hire a foreman2 WeeksTeam 1 Setup a staging area2 WeeksTeam 1/ Community Construction - Work with foreman/community to build first latrines2 WeeksTeam 2/ Community Additional Material Procurement2 WeeksTeam 2

18. Implementation Metrics 40 septic pits are currently non-functional – Conversion of at least 10 septic pits are to be initiated during the implementation trip – Completion of at least 5 latrine installations is expected during the implementation trip – Remaining pit conversions will be completed by villagers after EWB-MAP has left – Supply sources for all pit conversions will be identified and arranged during implementation trip Metrics – Number of septic pit conversions started – Number of septic pit conversions completed – Number of villagers involved in each septic pit conversion – Amount of supplies acquired for future pit conversions

19. Project Safety Plans Before the trip:  Members of the group will get the required shots and take the appropriate medications.  Monitor the media for local unrest and check for state department warnings During the trip:  Care should be taken when working with tools, especially when a high risk of infection exists in the work area, such as a latrine. Care should be taken to kill all bacteria prior to construction if possible. If not all cuts, blisters and scrapes should be immediately tended to. A safety discussion with everyone involved or in the area of the construction should be held each morning. The purpose of the safety discussion will be to identify what safety risks may arise during construction and how injuries can be avoided. Suggested topics of the safety discussion are suggested below. – What is the order of construction, what happens first, second, etc? Why is the order in that way? – What is the proper method to use a tool, what training is required? – What PPE is required when doing each part of the construction? – What can go wrong? – How do you prevent accidents during the night hours when construction has stopped and light does not exist? What barricades are required? – What happens if someone gets hurt, who takes care of them, where, what medicine or bandages exist.

20. Community Ownership of Project Labor from community required for implementation. Community will be trained in the design, construction, and specifications for project. Community will continue to construct latrines after implementation trip. Community will own all the latrines and should be able to transfer technology to other villages.

21. NGO Partner & Collaborators Red Cross – Communication – Transportation & Lodging logistics Rwanda Village Concept Project – Medical students from local univeristy – Helped with translation Jefferson Medical Students – Working with Rugerero on health projects – Will help prepare community for our project – Will acquire supplies prior to implementation trip Barefoot Artists – Installed rainwater catchment systems

22. Potential Future Projects in Rugerero and Nearby Communities Issues in Rugerero to be Assessed during Implementation Trip – Water Supply & Treatment – Indoor Air Pollution from Cook Fires Nearby Communities – Health Clinic – no running water – Many other communities with similar challenges

23. Travel Plans

24. Travel & Personal Safety Plans