1. THE SPECIAL SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Lab 11
THE SPECIAL SENSES AND THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS

2. Lab 11 Activities Identify structures of the eye on models and figures
Identify structures of the eye visible in a sheep eye dissection
Perform tests of visual acuity, near point accommodation, astigmatism, and blind spot
Identify structures of the ear on models and figures
Identify endocrine glands on anatomical models and know the hormones each secretes and their effects
Identify histological structure of eye wall and retina on microslides
Identify endocrine glands, their cells and other structures visible on microslides (pituitary, thyroid/parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, and testis and the hormones secreted by each)

3. The Special Senses Special Photoreception (sight)
Special Mechanoreception
Hearing
Static Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
Special Chemoreception
Smell (Olfaction)
Taste

4. Surface Anatomy of the Eye
                                                                 
Eyebrows divert sweat from the eyes and contribute to facial expressions
Eyelids (palpebrae) blink to protect the eye from foreign objects and lubricate their surface
Eyelashes detect and deter foreign objects

5. Extrinsic Eye Muscles superior oblique superior rectus lateral rectus
medial rectus
Optic nerve
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

6. Internal Anatomy of the Eye
Tunics

7. Ophthalmoscope of Retina
surface of retina Macula Optic disc Vasculature

8. Organization in the Retina
Pigmented Layer:
shields retina from light scattering
Neural Layer:
photoreceptors
and several
types of interneurons

9. Micrograph of the Retina
Path of Light

10. Neurons of the Neural Layer
Photoreceptors:
rods (for dim light)
cones (3 colors [“blue,” “green” and “red”] for bright light)
Bipolar cells connect interneurons

11. Neurons of the Neural Layer
Horizontal Cells enhance contrast (light versus dark boundaries) and help differentiate colors
Amacrine cells detect changes in the level of illumination
Ganglion cells’ axons become the Optic Nerve

12. Retina 40x

13. Retina, 100x

14. Retina, 400x

15. External Ear Pinna (Auricle): focuses sound waves
External auditory canal transmits sound waves
Ceruminous Glands secrete cerumin (ear wax) to protect external auditory canal
Tympanic membrane registers sound waves

16. Middle Ear & Auditory Tube
Three auditory ossicles (bones) conduct vibrations of tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear
Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube or eustachian tube) connects to pharynx, equalizes air pressure on both side of the tympanic membrane

17. Middle Ear Ossicles
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

18. The Membranous Labyrinth

19. The Endocrine System

20. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
The Endocrine Glands Produce Hormones Which Are Secreted Into the Blood Stream In Order To Locate
Specific Target Tissues.
Target Tissues Have Specific Hormone Receptors. Target Tissues Respond To Hormonal Commands In Specific Ways.

21. Anterior Lobe =
Adenohypophysis
Posterior Lobe =
Neurohypophysis

22. Pituitary Gland, 40x

23. each cell type secretes a different hormone

24. Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
Anterior Lobe – Adenohypophysis
growth hormone (hGH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
prolactin
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH) / interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
Posterior Lobe – Neurohypophysis
oxytocin
vasopressin = antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

25. Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid
Glands

26. Thyroid Gland
Trachea
Thyroid
Thyroid
Esophagus

27. Thyroid, 40x
Follicles containing colloid (thyroxins)

28. Thyroid, 100x

29. Thyroid, 400x thyroglobulin T3 = triiodothyronine
T4 = tetraiodothyronine = thyroxine

30. Secretes calcitonin = thyrocalcitonin

31. Thyroid & Parathyroid, 40x

32. Thyroid & Parathyroid, 100x

33. Thyroid & Parathyroid, 400x
Parathyroid Hormone = Parathormone

34. Adrenal Gland, 40x
Cortex
Medulla
Cortex
Cortex
Cortex

35. Adrenal Gland, 40x
cortex
Medulla: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (= Adrenalin)
cortex

36. (mineralocorticoids)
(glucocorticoids)
(gonadocorticoids)

37. Pancreas

38. Pancreatic tissue, 40x (note Pacinian corpuscle)

39. Pancreatic Islets, 100x
Acinar Cells
exocrine
endocrine

40. Pancreatic Islets, 100x (note Pacinian corpuscle)

41. Pancreatic Islet, 400x

42. Alpha cells - glucagon Beta cells - insulin

43. Ovary

44. Ovary, 40x
Developing follicles secrete mostly estrogens and some progesterone

45. Ovary, 40x
corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogen

46. Testis

47. Testis
epididymis
Seminiferous Tubules

48. Testis

49. Testis
Androgens/Testosterone, etc.

50. Testis, 400x

51. Cow Eye Dissection

52. End Lab 11 Presentation

53. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid
Colloid

54. Pancreas

55. Endocrine Pancreas

56. Ovary

57. Ovary