1. Figure 6.16

2. Hawaiian honeycreepers – the original finch (now extinct) probably ate insects and nectar cnx.org Concepts in Biology

5. An event caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents that results in changes in population size or community composition is a disturbance. Natural ecosystem disturbances include hurricanes, ice storms, tsunamis, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires.

6. Note to students: Please browse the U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment to view the summary of findings about the effect of human disturbance on global ecosystems.

8. Lake Succession A series of changes (primarily increased sedimentation and vegetation) In which a lake progresses from oligotrophic to mesotrophic to eutrophic to terrestrial

10. Newmark WD. 1995. Conservation Biology. 9(3): 512-526 Extinction of Mammal Populations in Western North American National Parks Bryce Canyon Crater Lake Glacier-Waterton Lakes Grand Canyon Kootenay-Banff-Jasper-Yoho Lassen Volcanic Manning Provincial Mount Rainier Olympic Rocky Mountain Sequoia-Kings Canyon Yellowstone-Grand Teton Yosemite Zion

11. Extinction of Mammal Populations in Western North American National Parks