1. APA Style Guidelines (Name-Date Method)

2. MLA Style Guidelines APA: American Psychological Association APA: American Psychological Association Widely used in Social Sciences Widely used in Social Sciences

3. APA Style Uses parenthetical citations like MLA style, but instead of listing author and page, APA lists author and date of publication Uses parenthetical citations like MLA style, but instead of listing author and page, APA lists author and date of publication This practice covers print-based or electronic sources This practice covers print-based or electronic sources

4. APA Style Often in behavioural and social sciences reference is made to an entire argument or evidence presented, so page number is not always necessary Often in behavioural and social sciences reference is made to an entire argument or evidence presented, so page number is not always necessary Example: Example: There are many remarkable parallels between the way artists and scientists look at the world around us (Shlain, 1991). There are many remarkable parallels between the way artists and scientists look at the world around us (Shlain, 1991).

5. APA Style All the same rules apply to quoting in APA as in MLA: All the same rules apply to quoting in APA as in MLA: Mention the name of the author as you introduce the quotation Mention the name of the author as you introduce the quotation If you state the name of the author as you introduce the quotation, the citation will consist of date of publication only If you state the name of the author as you introduce the quotation, the citation will consist of date of publication only

6. APA Style If you refer to a particular part of the source, or if you quote directly from it, you do need to supply relevant page number(s) If you refer to a particular part of the source, or if you quote directly from it, you do need to supply relevant page number(s) Example: Example: As Leonard Shlain (1991) reminds us, “Space, time, and light are of profound interest to both the physicist and the artist” (p. 28). As Leonard Shlain (1991) reminds us, “Space, time, and light are of profound interest to both the physicist and the artist” (p. 28).

7. APA Style If there are more than one author, use an ampersand rather than “and” to separate the names If there are more than one author, use an ampersand rather than “and” to separate the names Example: Example: Although it is true that “the religious and secular customs of the community sometimes helped women who had been assaulted or harassed, nothing could lessen the impact of war on the countryside and its inhabitants” (Anderson & Zinsser, 1988, 1: pp. 115-116). Although it is true that “the religious and secular customs of the community sometimes helped women who had been assaulted or harassed, nothing could lessen the impact of war on the countryside and its inhabitants” (Anderson & Zinsser, 1988, 1: pp. 115-116).

8. APA Style Also note in the above example that: Also note in the above example that: Author’s name and date are separated by a comma Author’s name and date are separated by a comma Date and page number are separated by a comma Date and page number are separated by a comma The abbreviations “p.” and “pp.” are used for “page” and “pages” The abbreviations “p.” and “pp.” are used for “page” and “pages” Both page numbers are given in their entirety (“pp. 115-116”) Both page numbers are given in their entirety (“pp. 115-116”) “1: pp. 115-116” means that the quotation is taken from volume one of the set “1: pp. 115-116” means that the quotation is taken from volume one of the set

9. APA Style If a work has two authors, list both names every time you refer to the source If a work has two authors, list both names every time you refer to the source If a work has three, four, or five authors, list all names the first time you refer to the source, and then only the first and “et al.” (not italicized or underlined) thereafter If a work has three, four, or five authors, list all names the first time you refer to the source, and then only the first and “et al.” (not italicized or underlined) thereafter If a work has six or more authors, list only the first name and “et al.” each time, including the first If a work has six or more authors, list only the first name and “et al.” each time, including the first

10. APA Style When naming the author in your text but not quoting directly from the source, put the year of publication in parentheses immediately after the author name When naming the author in your text but not quoting directly from the source, put the year of publication in parentheses immediately after the author name Example: Example: John Helliwell (2002) provides an incisive analysis of the effects of globalization. John Helliwell (2002) provides an incisive analysis of the effects of globalization.

11. APA Style Online sources will follow most of the conventions of print sources (as detailed above) Online sources will follow most of the conventions of print sources (as detailed above) Exception: Exception: If an online source has no page numbers, identify the paragraph or section number instead If an online source has no page numbers, identify the paragraph or section number instead

12. APA Style Exceptions (cont’d): Exceptions (cont’d): If page, paragraph, and section numbers are not used, identify the section by its heading and count the paragraphs following the heading to assign a number to the paragraph containing the material that you are citing If page, paragraph, and section numbers are not used, identify the section by its heading and count the paragraphs following the heading to assign a number to the paragraph containing the material that you are citing Use the abbreviation “para.” for “paragraph” Use the abbreviation “para.” for “paragraph”

13. APA Style For every source that you cite in your essay, you must include an entry at the end of your paper in a “Works Cited” For every source that you cite in your essay, you must include an entry at the end of your paper in a “Works Cited” Please consult your writing guide for proper MLA Works Cited style guidelines Please consult your writing guide for proper MLA Works Cited style guidelines Note that Works Cited information is always double spaced (as is your essay) Note that Works Cited information is always double spaced (as is your essay)