1. Introduction to Clinical Psychology Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 4 Biological Models in Clinical Psychology This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

2. Development Electricity and the Nervous System Electricity and the Nervous System Phrenology Phrenology The case of Phineas Gage The case of Phineas Gage Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

3. Key Assumptions The Brain and the Nervous System The Brain and the Nervous System Hormone action versus nerve impulse Hormone action versus nerve impulse The Human Brain The Human Brain Neurons Neurons The Nerve Impulse The Nerve Impulse The Synapse The Synapse Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

4. The Neuron Cell body Cell body Dendrites Dendrites Axon Axon Terminal Buttons Terminal Buttons Synapse Synapse Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter removal Neurotransmitter removal Enzymes break down chemical Enzymes break down chemical Reabsorption or reuptake Reabsorption or reuptake Diffusion into surrounding environment Diffusion into surrounding environment

5. Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005 Neurotransmitters Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Dopamine Dopamine Depression & Anxiety Depression & Anxiety Serotonin Serotonin Pharmacological Treatments Pharmacological Treatments e.g., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors e.g., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

6. Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005 Brain Structure and Function Meninges Meninges Hindbrain Hindbrain Midbrain Midbrain Forebrain Forebrain

7. Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005 Behavioral Genetics Gregor Mendal Gregor Mendal Human Genetics Human Genetics Monozygotic and dizygotic twins Monozygotic and dizygotic twins Family Trees and Human Pedigrees Family Trees and Human Pedigrees

8. Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005 Family, Twin and Adoption Studies Family studies Family studies proband proband Twin Studies Twin Studies Monozygotic (MZ) Monozygotic (MZ) Dizygotic (DZ) Dizygotic (DZ) Concordance Concordance Adoption Studies Adoption Studies Twin-Adoption Studies Twin-Adoption Studies

9. Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005 Case Example: Schizophrenia Lifetime prevalence – 1% Lifetime prevalence – 1% Prevalence rate in first degree relatives greater than 5% to 10% Prevalence rate in first degree relatives greater than 5% to 10% Concordance rate for MZ twins higher than for DZ twins Concordance rate for MZ twins higher than for DZ twins Concordance rate for MZ twins is slightly less than 50% Concordance rate for MZ twins is slightly less than 50%

10. Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005 Biological Models: Influences on Clinical Psychology Integration of biological factors in models of psychopathology (biopsychosocial models) Integration of biological factors in models of psychopathology (biopsychosocial models) Acceptance of pharmacological therapy Acceptance of pharmacological therapy Integration of biological factors into psychological treatments Integration of biological factors into psychological treatments Combined treatments Combined treatments Coping models Coping models Pursuit of prescription privileges Pursuit of prescription privileges