© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 1 John Swienton Fiber Specialist 413-525-1379 Fiber.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 2 JDSU: Global Leaders in the Markets We Serve Cable, Telecom, Datacom, Submarine, Long Haul, Biotech, and Microelectronics Communications & Commercial Optical Products Advanced Optical Technologies Currency, Defense, Authentication, and Instrumentation Communications Test & Measurement Service Provider, Government, Business, and Home Networks

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 12 n = c / v n = refractive index c = velocity of light in a vacuum v = velocity of light in glass IOR = Index of Refraction

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 17 Common Connector Types SC Commonly referred to as Sam Charlie FC Commonly referred to as Frank Charlie ST Commonly referred to as Sam Tom LC Commonly referred to as Lima Charlie

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 20 Focused On the Connection Bulkhead Adapter Fiber Connector Alignment Sleeve Physical Contact Fiber Ferrule Fiber connectors are widely known as the WEAKEST AND MOST PROBLEMATIC points in the fiber network.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 21 What Makes a GOOD Fiber Connection?  Perfect Core Alignment  Physical Contact  Pristine Connector Interface The 3 basic principles that are critical to achieving an efficient fiber optic connection are “The 3 P’s”: CLEAN Light Transmitted

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 22 What Makes a BAD Fiber Connection?  A single particle mated into the core of a fiber can cause significant back reflection, insertion loss and even equipment damage.  Visual inspection of fiber optic connectors is the only way to determine if they are truly clean before mating them. CONTAMINATION is the #1 source of troubleshooting in optical networks. DIRT Back ReflectionInsertion LossLight

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 23 Illustration of Particle Migration  Each time the connectors are mated, particles around the core are displaced, causing them to migrate and spread across the fiber surface.  Particles larger than 5µ usually explode and multiply upon mating.  Large particles can create barriers (“air gap”) that prevent physical contact.  Particles less than 5µ tend to embed into the fiber surface creating pits and chips. 11.8µ 15.1µ 10.3µ Actual fiber end face images of particle migration Core Cladding

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 24 Types of Contamination A fiber end-face should be free of any contamination or defects, as shown below: Common types of contamination and defects include the following: DirtOilPits & ChipsScratches SimplexRibbon

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 25 Contamination and Signal Performance Fiber Contamination and Its Affect on Signal Performance CLEAN CONNECTION Back Reflection = -67.5 dB Total Loss = 0.250 dB 1 DIRTY CONNECTION Back Reflection = -32.5 dB Total Loss = 4.87 dB 3 Clean Connection vs. Dirty Connection This OTDR trace illustrates a significant decrease in signal performance when dirty connectors are mated.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 29 CWDM System Overview  Coarse Wavelength division Multiplexing for metro network –Multiplexing a given number of channels: From 4 to 18 channels as per ITU-T G.694.2 –In a limited environment: Distance range (<80km). No need for amplifiers, CD compensators… –Over a wide wavelength range (1271-1611nm) new fibers available (All Wave …). First step, use of 1471-1611nm –With a wide channel spacing (20nm) low cost components: Uncooled lasers, broad filters…

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 30 Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing 1271 1291 1311 1331 1351 1371 1391 1411 Most common 1431 1451 1471 1491 1511 1531 1551 1571 1591 1611 PRO: Wavelengths are 20 nm apart as a cost effective solution to DWDM CON: fiber issues prevalent and # of channels fixed Wavelengths used:

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 31 Wavelength Allocation  The nominal wavelength grid supporting CWDM systems has been defined by the ITU-T G.694.2 recommendation. It shows up a large wavelength range coverage (from 1271 to 1611nm) with a 20nm spacing. O-BandE-BandS-BandC- Band L-Band Water Peak 1271 1291131113311351 1371 1391 1411 1431 1451 1471149115111531 1551 1571 1591 1611 Wavelength (nm) Attenuation (dB)

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 32 CWDM cost constraints  Central wavelength and drift tolerance –Lasers used for CWDM systems are directly modulated Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers with bit rates of up to 2.5 Gb/s. –Relaxed specifications for Central wavelength accuracy + wavelength drift over system lifetime. Wide spacing of CWDM allows for a central wavelength to drift by as much as +/- 6.5 nm  MUX/DEMUX –CWDM transmission, with 20 nm channel spacing, allow using filters with reduced technical constraints compare to DWDM, driving the cost dramatically down.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 34 CWDM Network Testing  Installation/ Fiber qualification –Outside plant characterization including attenuation Profile (water peak qualification)  System Turn-up and Wavelength Provisioning –Wavelength-route verification (continuity check) –Insertion Loss and Power level measurement –Active element verification.  Maintenance and troubleshooting –Continuity check –Transmitter/Receivers Power Levels and drift –Fault Location

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 35 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing PRO: Virtually unlimited scalability of channels number and bandwidth CON: higher equipment and maintenance cost 100Ghz spacing = 0.8 nm spacing ITU Channels C band – 100 channels L band – 100 channels 50Ghz spacing = 0.4 nm spacing ITU Channels C band – 200 channels L band – 200 channels

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 36 [nm] “C” Band “L” Band “O” Band “E” Band “S” Band “U” Band »C-Band - 1535nm to 1565nm »L-Band - 1565nm to 1625nm »U-Band - 1640nm to 1675 nm »O-Band - 1260nm to 1310nm »E-Band - 1360nm to 1460nm »S-Band - 1460nm to 1530nm 1300 1400 1500 1600 Bands and Wavelengths

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 37 DWDM Network Testing  Installation/ Fiber qualification –Outside plant characterization including Attenuation Profile  System Turn-up and Wavelength Provisioning –Wavelength-route verification (continuity check) –Insertion Loss and Power level measurement –Active element verification.  Maintenance and troubleshooting –Continuity check –Transmitter/Receivers Power Levels and drift –Fault Location

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 38 CWDM and DWDM on the same fiber 1471 1491 1511 1531 1551 1571 1591 1611 EVOLUTION 1431 1451 1471 1491 1511 1531 1551 1571 1591 1611 1431 1451 1471 1491 1511 C band DWDM 44 colors 1571 1591 1611

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 39 C/DWDM Network Testing  Installation/ Fiber qualification –Outside plant characterization including attenuation Profile (water peak qualification)  System Turn-up and Wavelength Provisioning –Wavelength-route verification (continuity check) –Insertion Loss and Power level measurement –Active element verification.  Maintenance and troubleshooting –Continuity check –Transmitter/Receivers Power Levels and drift –Fault Location

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 40 Test questions about 100GE networks  Is my OTDR 100G capable? Crazy Question. OTDRs are important in determining the challenges of a fiber with respect to loss/ back reflection and other artifacts. This is NOT rate dependent.  How do I tell if my OSA can handle 100G networks? Seriously, were you dropped on your head at birth? OSAs simply take the incoming wavelengths and, by hitting several prisms, spread the wavelengths out so the laser properties can be measured. The speed they turn on and off do not affect the measurements.  Do you have inspection templates to see if a connector can support 100G. Ok, clearly your company does not embrace random drug testing. If a connector is dirty at 10G it is dirty at 100G and beyond.  If my fiber failed Fiber Characicterization for 10 G SONET speeds what good is it? Actually, great question! Just because a fiber fails fiber characterization for 10G SONET, it will most likely carry 100GE and 400GE just fine.  What the hell is Fiber Characterization?

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 42  What are the basic OSA measurements in WDM systems ? –Measure ch-power, ch-wavelength and OSNR use OSA-110M, OSA-180/OSA-500  What are the measurement challenges in ROADM networks ? –Standard out-of-band measurements provide wrong OSNR results due to filtered noise distribution induced from ROADM network elements –Requires in-band OSNR measurement (pol-nulling) use OSA-500R  What are the measurement challenges in 40G networks ? –Using 40G data transmission at 50GHz channel spacing will create overlapping spectra. Standard out-of-band OSA measurements provide wrong OSNR results. –Requires in-band OSNR measurement (pol-nulling) use OSA-500R  What are the measurement challenges in 100G networks ? –100G networks are using coherent transmission techniques with polarization division multiplexing (PDM) modulation formats –PDM signals cannot be analyzed using polarization nulling techniques. –Until now it is not possible to perform in-service in-band OSNR measurements ! –In-band OSNR measurements can only be performed out-of-service by using the ON/OFF OSNR methoduse OSA-110M, OSA-180/OSA-500  What about standard OSA measurements in 100G networks ? –All standard in-service measurements like ch-power, ch-wavelength and out-of-band OSNR can be measured with a standard OSA use OSA-110M, OSA-180/OSA-500 Questions and Answers

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 43 Optical Network Evolution Fixed WDM Point-to-Point structure …. A B OADM B A C ROADM / OXC Fixed WDM Mesh structure Dynamically re-configurable AON Mesh structure

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 45 Introduction to OTDR It’s the single most important tester used in the installation, maintenance & troubleshooting of fiber plant T-BERD 4000 FTTx / Access OTDR Most versatile of Fiber Test Tools  Detect, locate and measure events at any location on the fiber link  Identifies events & impairments (splices, bends, connectors, breaks)  Provides physical distance to each event/ impairment  Measures fiber attenuation loss of each event or impairment  Provides reflectance / return loss values for each reflective event or impairment  Manages the data collected and supports data reporting.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 46 How does it work ?  The OTDR injects a short pulse of light into one end of the fiber and analyzes the backscatter and reflected signal coming back  The received signal is then plotted into a backscatter X/Y display in dB vs. distance  Event analysis is then performed in order to populate the table of results. OTDR Block DiagramExample of an OTDR trace

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 48 What is the difference Insertion Loss (IL) Insertion loss refers to the loss caused when a fiber optic component is connected to another fiber optic component to form the fiber optic link. Insertion loss can result from absorption, misalignment or air gap between the fiber optic components. Optical Return Loss (ORL) Return loss is the amount of light that gets reflected back at the connection point. The higher the return loss is means the lower reflection and the better the connection. The closer the connector to the measurement tool, the greater the impact the connection has on the measurement. ORL can result from dirty connectors, chip, pits and poorly polished connectors.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 49 FiberComplete, a New Test Principle  Continuity Check  Insertion Loss (IL)  Optical Return Loss (ORL)  Distance  OTDR and Fault Finder Perform all fundamental fiber qualification tests required tests…  Automatic continuity check and product pairing using the fiber under test  IL/ORL Pass/fail indicator based on user-defined thresholds  Intelligent Fault Finder or OTDR  Automatic results storage … in one fiber connection, with one key press.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 51 Fiber Characterization Testing  Dispersion tests are typically performed on fibers months before transceivers and amplifiers arrive.  OTDR tests are performed to verify length and loss.  Chromatic Dispersion of the fiber does not change with age.  PMD will change as the stresses and strains on the fiber change.  Attenuation Profile of the fiber does not change with age.  With Mesh networks, testing complete rings nearly impossible Dynamically re-configurable AON Mesh structure

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 52 What is Fiber Characterization?  Fiber Characterization is simply the process of testing optical fibers to ensure that they are suitable for the type of transmission (ie, WDM, SONET, Ethernet) for which they will be used.  The type of transmission will dictate the measurement standards used Trans typeSpeedPMD MaxCD Max SONETOC-19210 ps1176ps/nm Ethernet10 Gbs5 ps738 ps/nm SONETOC-7682.5 ps64 ps/nm

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 53 Link Characterization vs Network Characterization Link Characterization  Performed months in advance to determine network elements’ compatibility with fiber and placement of elements  Test are OTDR, PMD, CD, AP per Tellabs Sec 2.04 Network Acceptance Test Network Characterization  Performed after network is built and OpAmps are in place and operational but wavelengths are not lit.  Tests are PMD/CD/AP and will confirm additional Dispersion added by network elements is acceptable. In Service/In Band PMD  Used when taking down a network is NOT an option like network upgrades.  No specialized lightsource needed  Will yield PMD and DGD of all wavelengths currently on your network

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 54 Chromatic Dispersion – What is it ? Pulse spreading  Different wavelengths = different speeds thru fiber  Value doesn’t change (ps/nm.km)  Can be compensated Input Pulse Output Pulse

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 55 Measuring CD  There are different methods to measure the chromatic dispersion. IEC 60793-1-42 / ITU-T G650.1; EIA/TIA-455- FOTP-175B  The Phase Shift method is the most versatile one. It requires a source (broadband or narrow band) and a receiver (phase meter) to be connected to each end of the link  The Chromatic dispersion measurement will be performed over a given wavelength range and results will be correlated to the transmission system limits according to the bit rate being implemented. Parameters to be controlled in such way to correlate to the equipment specifications: –Total link dispersion. –Dispersion slope –Zero dispersion wavelength and associated slope CD Light Source CD Receiver

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 56  Different Polarization States = different speeds thru fiber  The difference = Differential Group Delay (DGD)  PMD = Mean value of various DGD’s PMD – What is it ? DGD v1v1 v2v2 Fast Slow External stress !!  Values change constantly due to external stress (e.g., wind, temp, weight)  Compensation is complex and expensive

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 57 PMD as a function of Birefringence Stresses and Strains on the fiber changes the shape of the cladding and core. As the stresses change at various point throughout the fiber link, coupled with the polarization states constantly spinning, makes pin pointing PMD and removing the “bad” section a game of chance. Perfect Fiber Strained Fiber Fiber Strain Causes

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 58 ps <10 seconds PMD Light Source Measuring PMD  Different PMD standards describing test methods IEC 60793-1-48/ ITU-T G.650.2/ EIA/TIA Standard FOTP-XXX  The broadband source sends a polarized light which is analyzed by a spectrum analyzer after passing through a polarizer PMD Receiver The PMD measurement range should be compatible the transmission bit rate. In order to cover a broad range of field applications, it should be able to measure between 0.1 ps and 60 ps. PMD measurement is typically performed unidirectional. When PMD results are too close to the system limits, it may be required to perform a long term measurement analysis in order to get a better picture of the variation over the time.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 60 Unique Fiber Characterization Test Solution  Proven Best Fiber Characterization Kit on the market! –Combine all in one w/o swapping modules  Lightest and most capable Dispersion analyzer on the market! –7.5 Lbs Chromatic dispersion Attenuation profile Loss test Set + ORL function (1310/1550/1625nm) - optional PMD Chromatic dispersion Attenuation profile PMD Open slot for OTDR

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 61 Unique Fiber Characterization Test Solution  Best integration on market! –Combine all in one w/o swapping modules CD/PMD/Attenuatio n Profile Plug-in Module OTDR Plug-in Module

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 62 Innovative Interconnect Module Multi-Test Access unit allowing a single connection/disconnection of the fiber under test for multiple measurements  Automatic Fiber characterization with one fiber connection  Automation with multiple functions Connect to fiber under test. Base unit T-BERD 8000 OTDR ODM

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 63 Unique Fiber Characterization Test Solution  Highest productivity on market Multitest access switch + New automated test sequence (Script) = 15 times faster (Customer feedback) 1 2 6 5 4 3 7 Next Fiber

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 64 JDSU Test Procedure  Total test time : 3 minutes per fiber  The data is automatically saved in one directory – no technician intervention required. –All raw OTDR, IL/ORL,CD, PMD and AP traces are saved (7 per fiber: 1310/ 1550/1625 OTDR, IL/ORL,PMD, CD and AP) –The test set automatically creates a *.txt file which saves, CD, PMD and AP results in pre-formatted columns.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 66 New Challenges in High Speed DWDM Networks  Technical Challenges –ROADM DWDM channels traverse different routes, optical amplifiers, and add/drop filters. Experiencing different ASE noise, PMD and Loss. –PMD cannot be determined from conventional broadband measurements without turning the entire network down –OSNR needs to be measured in band  Operational Constraints –Incomplete or no PMD data available for the link. If available, difficult to estimate the link PMD from the data. –Link doesn’t even allow to transmit any alien test signal (WSS blocking feature) –Cannot/costly to re-route traffic to perform a traditional PMD measurement.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 67 Conventional PMD Measurements  Suitable only for “dark” fibers and “unlit” fiber links  Difficult to apply in modern ROADM networks OAOA OAOA OAOA OAOA Special Probe Signal PMD Link must be out of service ROADM Broadband Probe Signal Spectral components of probe signal may be routed to different locations

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 68  Characterizing a new DWDM channels in live system – Measure Power level, OSNR and PMD of a channel in C-Band – Without turning any signals off – Using live signals transmitted through 10/40Gb/s channel (or below) – 100G if non Dual-pol transmission (4x25 or 10x10)  Troubleshooting an optical path with unexpected high BER – Measure Effective DGD experienced by the signal – Measure in-band OSNR of transmitted signals – Correlate with measured bit-error rate (BER)  Upgrading running DWDM system to higher bit rate – Long-term measurement of DGD experienced by signal – Map the DGD variation over time and vs. each DWDM signal Testing Requirements

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 69 JDSU I-PMD Solution Combine 3 instruments in one :  In-service PMD test solution  In-Band OSNR testing  High Resolution OSA High Resolution OSA In Band OSNR In Service PMD

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 70 Effective DGD and PMD Measurements Details Total PMD value Instantaneo us Effective DGD for each channel Statiscal analysis with PMD results confidence indication

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 71 Channel Analysis and OSNR Measurement Details In-Band OSNR measured for each individual channel Optical Spectrum Analysis with Frequency and Power level

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 73 Key ROADM Elements & Impact on Network  ROADMs augment existing DWDM network elements.  Wavelength filters enable wavelength switching and eliminate the need of O-E-O conversion.  Built in power monitors and variable optical attenuator perform power / OSNR balancing.  Remote switching capability require that all fibers be characterized to transport 10G => 40G.  OSNR is the key predictor of performance and cannot be consistently measured accurately with conventional test equipment.  Inaccurate OSNR measurements can have catastrophic effects on services

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 74 What optical filters do Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexers (ROADM) have built-in filters for demultiplexing the input signal. Optical switches will then provide the add and drop functionality. A multiplexer is used to combine all channels into one fiber. D M ROADM Input signal of 6 chanelsOutput signal Optical filters will pass the optical transmission signal Optical filters will suppress the noise outside the transmission band The spectrum will show suppressed noise levels in between the channels => noise shaping

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 75 ROADMs provide power / OSNR balancing  ROADMs have built in power monitors and variable optical attenuators (VOA) for power balancing Power Balancing in ROADMs D M ROADM EDFA ASE noise shape = green / channel signal power = blue  With faulty power monitors or faulty VOAs there will be no power balancing in the ROADMs => lower OSNR

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 76 4 Channels (10Gb/s) Filtered Noise ASE Noise In-line filter (ROADM) Out-of-band OSNR in-band OSNR ITU-T G.Optmon ITU-T G.692 In-Band PMD Measurement

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 78 D M D M Out-of-band OSNR In-band OSNR ROADM Tx Rx Tx The in-band OSNR measurement What ROADM filters do: noise shaping

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 79 What happens if OSNR is unknown ? OSNR is used to describe the system performance on the optical layer What does that mean:  Installing a ROADM network with 2 channels may give a high OSNR at terminal site leaving some margin for further system channel upgrades. –Example: minimum OSNR for a good service = 18dB measured OSNR with 2 channels = 30dB Margin to be used for upgrades10dB  Inaccurate OSNR measurements will not allow to predict the system margin, and therefore will not predict the service quality after upgrades. What does that mean:  OSNR measurement based on conventional OSAs (out-of-band OSNR) or based on the shoulder method will provide wrong OSNR: => 5-15dB higher than the true OSNR  Service may fail for all channels after the upgrade –Example Out-of-band OSNR indicates 32dB for 2 channels leaving 12dB margin True OSNR is only 20dB for the 2 channels => still good service quality Real margin is only 3dB Upgrading the network for x channels will drop the OSNR per channel by 8dB => service will fail for all channels as the true OSNR is only 14dB

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 80  The OSNR is reduced by the noise from optical amplifiers (EDFA) –EDFA will create amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE)  Noise contribution from an EDFA depends on –Noise figure (NF) of the EDFA = quality of EDFA higher NF=> lower OSNR = bad –Signal power level @ input of EDFA lower input power => lower OSNR = bad –Loading of EDFA = number of amplified channels more channels => lower OSNR = bad –Failure in the EDFA faulty pump laser=> lower OSNR = bad  OSNR is affected by number of EDFAs in the ROADM path –As the signal path in ROADM networks is not fixed, but will be dynamically switched, the number of EDFAs in the link will change More EDFAs=> lower OSNR = bad What can affect the OSNR in ROADM networks EDFA In Out Pump

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 81 Regular OSA could overestimate OSNR results by over 10dB. Inaccurate OSNR measurements can not be used to show the margin for further system channel upgrades Even high OSNR measurements will result in service failure after system upgrade JDSU’s OPS-method is the ONLY field method that provides accurate and reliable measurements of the ‘true’ OSNR in all ROADM deployment scenarios. With the ‘true’ OSNR it is possible to indicate system margin to predict service quality after system upgrade and to avoid system outage.

© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 1 John Swienton Fiber Specialist 413-525-1379 Fiber.

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© 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 1 John Swienton Fiber Specialist 413-525-1379 Fiber.

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