1. Plant Anatomy Quiz 12B

2. Two important characteristics of plant cells cell walls plastids

3. Cell Walls outer boundary, provide support, made mostly of cellulose Most plants are supported by two related systems: cell walls & turgor pressure.

4. Turgor Pressure water pressure inside a plant cell’s central vacuole; causes the stiffness of the plant cells

5. Plastids storage center in plant cells Stores pigments, starch or oil. Examples are chloroplasts

6. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis to capture light energy

7. Plant Pigments Chlorophyll: green Xanthophyll: yellowish colors Carotene: yellowish-orange colors Anthocyanin: red, blue, and purple

8. tissue a group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function

9. Our bodies have four basic kinds of tissues epithelial (skin) muscle connective nerve

10. A typical plant has 3 distinct kinds of tissue Structural tissue Meristematic tissue Vascular tissue

11. Structural Tissue Most of the body, or structure, of the plant is structural tissue. Produce food, store food, cover, support, and protect plant Examples: epidermis, parenchyma, mesophyll, collenchyma, cork, sclerenchyma

12. Meristematic Tissue Found in growing areas (buds, tips of roots and stems) Purpose: the growth and repair of plants and plant parts (where mitosis is occurring) Examples: apical & lateral meristems; vascular cambium, cork cambium, pericycle

13. Vascular Tissue The plant’s sap-conducting tissues Two types: xylem & phloem Xylem: transports water and dissolved minerals (one kind of sap) upward (long, thick-walled cells) Phloem: transports food manufactured in the leaves (the other kind of sap) downward

14. Vascular Tissue Xylem: long, thick-walled hollow cells (like staws) Phloem: slightly thinner than xylem and not completely hollow tubes

15. Vascular Tissue In leaves and in non-woody plants, the xylem and phloem are usually arranged in vascular bundles (veins). Vascular bundles are often supported by thick- walled cells called fibers. Fibrovasular bundles: xylem and phloem surrounded by supporting tissues

16. Vascular Tissue Xylem Phloem

17. Vascular Tissue

19. Vascular Tissue Sunflower Stem

20. Vascular Tissue

21. Epidermis The outer most tissue of most leaves, young roots, and young stems is the epidermis. Top and Bottom layer - epidermis (one cell thick) lack chlorophyll and serves as protection. Often epidermal cells secrete a waxy substances that form a cuticle (a noncellular protective covering of leaves) give a leaf a shiny appearance

22. Cross Section of a Leaf

26. wood a collection of layers of xylem that have built up over several years The oldest layer of xylem is at the center of the woody plant part newest layer is the outermost layer

27. Kinds of Wood Heartwood - dead xylem cells that are often darker Sapwood - xylem that conduct water and minerals

28. Kinds of Wood Springwood - xylem cells that develop early in the growing season Summerwood - small, thick- walled xylem cells that develop later in the growing season

29. Kinds of Wood Hardwood - comes primarily from angiosperms (oaks, maples, walnut, cherries) Softwood - comes primarily from gymnosperms (firs, pine, cedars, spruce)

30. Heartwood & Sapwood

32. bark the outer covering of woody plant parts(makes new xylem and phloem cells)

33. cork (the outer layer of bark) tough, thick-walled cells forming the outer layer of bark in woody plant stems; made of dead, thick-cell walls

34. cork forms a tough, water proof coating that keeps harmful organisms out and moisture heartwood sapwood (xylem) phloem cork vascular cambium Annual growth ring

35. cork cambium a layer of living cells just under the dead cork (produces new cork cells)