1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS & LIGHT REACTIONSPHOTOSYNTHESIS & LIGHT REACTIONS (SONG) (SONG) (RAP) (SONG) (RAP) Obtaining Energy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1 _uez5WX1o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1EsA5_N Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1EsA5_N Y Intro video

2. The organelle found in plant cells that uses light to make carbohydrates is 1. Mitochondria 2. Vacuole 3. Chloroplast 4. Cell Wall 10 123456789 11121314151617181920 2122232425262728

3. Obtaining Energy  Directly or indirectly, all of the energy in living systems comes from the sun.  Autotrophs must first capture light energy from the sun.  Autotrophs- a living thing that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals to make its own food

4. Is this an autotroph? If so, WHY?

5. Which of the following is an autotroph? 1. Grass 2. Bird 3. Caterpillar 4. Water 10 123456789 11121314151617181920 2122232425262728

6.  Heterotrophs- a living thing that gets food by consuming, or eating, other living things.  Photosynthesis involves a series of chemical reactions where the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction.  Biochemical pathway- series of chemical reactions Ke$ha gets complicated

7. Photosynthesis  Divided into 2 stages:  Light Reaction: Light energy is converted to chemical energy, stored in ATP and NADPH. NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) Energy carrier molecule  Calvin Cycle: Forming organic compounds using CO2 and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH.  Formula: crash course 10 min clip

8. Light Reaction  Must absorb light in chloroplasts- organelles found in cells of plants and algae.  Light reactions take place in the thylakoids.

9. Light and Pigments  Visible Spectrum- array of colors, ranging from red to violet.  When light strikes an object, its colors can be transmitted, reflected or absorbed.

10. Light and Pigments  Pigments- compounds that absorb light.  We see the colors that are reflected or transmitted, not the ones being absorbed.

11. Green tinted sunglasses would 1. Absorb green 2. Reflect and transmit green 3. Absorb only red 4. Reflect blue and red 10 123456789 11121314151617181920 2122232425262728

12. Chloroplast Pigments  Membrane of thylakoid has several pigments.  Chlorophylls are the most important.  Chlorophyll a- directly involved in light reactions of photosynthesis  Chlorophyll b assist chlorophyll a in capturing light energy, called an accessory pigment.

13. Chloroplast Pigments  Chlorophyll a absorbs less blue light but more red light.  Neither absorb much green light, instead they reflect and transmit green light.

14. Why do leaves and plants look green? 1. They contain large amounts of chlorophyll 2. They contain no chlorophyll 3. They do not absorb green light 4. They reflect blue light 1234567891011121314151617181920 2122232425262728

15. Plants  Plants appear green because they contain large amounts of chlorophyll, which reflects or transmits most of the green light it intercepts.

16. Carotenoids  Pigments in the thylakoid membrane that aid in photosynthesis.  Absorb blue and green, reflect yellow orange and red, why leaves appear orange in color  In the fall, plants lost their chlorophylls and the leaves

17. Converting light energy to chemical energy  Chloroplast will capture the light and it must be converted into chemical energy.  Oxygen is given off during this reaction  Photosystem- cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that harvest light energy

19. Light Reaction  Begins with absorption of light by chlorophyll a and accessory pigments in the thylakoids.  Electrons leave chlorophyll a to travel along electron transport chains, producing NADPH.  Water is split and oxygen is released as the byproduct of photosynthesis.

20. Oxygen is produced at what point during photosynthesis? 1. When CO2 is fixed 2. When water is split 3. When ATP is converted

21. Photosynthesis- Light Reaction Used Produced Light Reaction Light, Water, protons and electrons from water, NADP+, ADP Oxygen, ATP, NADPH

22. The following is used in photosynthesis 1. Oxygen 2. ATP 3. Water 4. Carbohydrates

23. Making ATP  Chemiosmosis- synthesis of ATP  Movement of protons into the stroma of the chloroplast  From high concentration to low

24. Calvin Cycle  Series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar.  Carbon fixation- incorporating CO2 into organic compounds  3 CO2 molecules enter the Calvin Cycle. This cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

25. Calvin Cycle UsedProduced Calvin Cycle ATP, CO2, NADPH, RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) Organic Compounds (amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates) NADP+, ADP

26. The following is produced in the Calvin Cycle 1. ATP 2. Carbohydrates 3. Co2 4. Water

27. Calvin Cycle- Alternative Pathways  Alternative way to fix carbon  Plants lose water through small pores called stomata  Stomata are a passageway for CO2 to enter and O2 to leave the plant The complicated version....clip 5min

28. C4 Pathway and CAM Pathway  Allows certain plants to fix CO2 into four carbon compounds  C4 have stomata partially closed during the hottest part of the day  CAM- water-conserving, take in carbon at night and release it during the day.  CAM plants lose less water than C4 AND C3 plants

29. Factors that affect photosynthesis Light Intensity-Rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases while exciting electrons. When all the electrons have been excited, the rate stays level. Temperature-Increasing temperature accelerates the rate of photosynthesis. The rate peaks at the temperature where enzymes that catalyze reactions become ineffective. Carbon Dioxide Levels -Increased levels will stimulate photosynthesis and then it will level off. SEE PG 124 for graphs

30. Which of the following describes light intensity in regards to rate of photosynthesis? 1. As light increases, the rate increases and then levels off. 2. As light increases the rate decreases. 3. As light decreases, the rate increases. 4. As light increases the rate continues to increase.