1. States of Matter

2. Particle Models of Solid, Liquid, & Gas
4 States
-states (or phases) of matter are the physical forms in
which a substance can exist
EX. Water: solid(ice), liquid(water) or gas(vapor)
-matter exists in 4 familiar states:
solid, liquid, gas, plasma
-state of a substance depends on
A. the motion of its particles (atoms & molecules)
B. how strongly they are attracted to one another
-called Brownian motion
Particle Models of Solid, Liquid, & Gas

3. Solids -solid : the state in which matter has definite shape and
volume
-particles held tightly in place
and vibrate
-do not move fast enough to
overcome the force of
attraction between them
-two basic types of solids:
Crystalline - orderly, 3-D arrangement of
atoms or molecules (repeating pattern of rows)
EX: iron, diamond, ice, salt
Amorphous - atoms or molecules are in no
particular order (no organized pattern)
EX: rubber, wax, glass, cotton candy

4. Liquids -liquid : the state in which matter takes the shape of its
container and has definite
volume
-particles slide past one another
-move fast enough to
overcome some of the
attraction between them
-particles are already close together, so it
is hard to push them closer
-ideal for hydraulic systems like the brakes on a car
-surface tension & viscosity are two more important
properties of liquids

5. Surface Tension -the force acting on the particles at the surface of
a liquid
-causes the liquid to form spherical drops
-different for different liquids
EX: isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol has a lower
surface tension than water, but mercury has a
higher surface tension than water
A water strider using
surface tension to
"stand" on the water's
surface
Water beading on a leaf
Surface tension keeps
the coin afloat in the
glass of water

6. Viscosity -viscosity : a liquid's resistance to flow
-stronger attraction between the particles = higher
viscosity
EX: honey & water - honey flows much more
slowly than water because it has higher
Honey can
be drizzled
over the
biscuit
because it
has a
moderate
viscosity.
Motor oils have a
fairly high
viscosity so they
don't break down
under the heat
and friction
generated by the
moving parts of
an engine.

7. Gases -gas : the state in which matter changes in both shape
and volume
-particles move independently
of one another
-move fast enough to overcome
almost all of the attraction
between them
-change shape and volume to fit their container
-larger number of gas particles in a container =
more particles collide with each other and with the inside
of the container
-result is increased pressure (the amount of force
exerted on a given area)

8. Boyle's Law & Charles's Law Behavior of Gases
-gases do change volume to fit their container,
but pressure and temperature affect the volume
of gases
-2 laws describe the behavior of gases with
respect to pressure and temperature:
Boyle's Law
&
Charles's Law

9. Boyle's Law (pressure)
-states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant
temperature, the volume of the gas increases as pressure
decreases and volume decreases as pressure
Increases
-meaning: pressure goes up, volume goes down
pressure goes down, volume goes up

10. Charles's Law (temperature)
-states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure,
the volume of the gas increases as temperature increases and
volume decreases as temperature decreases
-meaning: temperature goes up, pressure goes up
temperature goes down, pressure goes down

11. Plasmas -plasma : the state of matter that does not have
definite shape or volume and in which particles have
broken apart
-estimated that 99% of known matter in the
universe (mainly stars) is made of plasma
-plasma occurs when particles become highly excited
or ionized
-conduct electric current and can be contained by
electric and magnetic fields
-EX: Natural plasmas - lightning, fire, auroras
Artificial plasmas - fluorescent lights,
plasma tv’s, plasma balls

13. This diagram compares the 4 states of matter we discussed.
See what Tim &
Moby have to say
about matter
Increasing Energy