1. Introduction to Computing Lecture # 2 Introduction to Computing Lecture # 2

2. 2 Timeline: The Evolution of Computers 3000 BCE: Abacus invented in Babylonia 1642: first mechanical adding machine (Blaise Pascal) 1666: first mechanical calculator that can add and subtract (Samuel Morland) 1833: Babbage’s Difference Engine (automatic calculator) 1944: first electro-mechanical computer (Mark-I)

3. 3

4. 4 Timeline: The Evolution of Computers 1945: John Von Neumann introduces the concepts of a stored-program 1946: first programmable electronic computer in united states (ENIAC) 1967: handheld calculator 1975: first microcomputer (MIT’s Altair 8800) 1981: IBM introduces personal computer (with 8088 CPU and 16KB RAM)

5. 5 Timeline: The Evolution of Computers 1982: portable computers 1985: Intel’s 80386 32-bit microprocessor is introduced 1993: multimedia desktop computers; Intel introduces its first Pentium chip; Motorola releases the PowerPC CPU 1995: Intel’s Pentium Pro 1997: Intel’s Pentium II

6. 6 Timeline: The Evolution of Computers 1999: Intel’s Pentium III; AMD’s Athlon CPU (800 MHz); Power Mac G4 available 2000: Intel’s Pentium 4: AMD’s Athlon CPU reaches 1 GHz 2001: Pentium IV reaches 2 GHz 2002: Pentium IV reaches 3.06 GHz; Power Mac has 2.1 GHz Power PC CPUs 2003: Intel’s Pentium M/Centrino for mobile computing; 64-bit processors

7. 7 The Computer Generations The term “Generation” is used to distinguish between varying hardware and software technologies. It provides a framework for the growth of the computer industry. There are five computer generations.

8. 8 First Generation (1942-1955) Key Hardware Technologies –Vacuum tubes (in thousands), electromagnetic relay memory, punched cards secondary storage Key Software Technologies –Machine and assembly languages, stored-program concept, mostly scientific applications Key Characteristics –Bulky in size, computations in milliseconds, highly unreliable, limited commercial use, commercial production difficult and costly, difficult to use Some Representative Systems –ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-1, IBM 701

9. 9 Second Generation (1955-1964) Key Hardware Technologies –Transistors (ten times faster switching than tubes), magnetic cores memory, magnetic tapes and disks secondary storage Key Software Technologies –Batch operating system, high-level programming languages (like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL), scientific and commercial applications (like payroll, inventory control, marketing) Key Characteristics –Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than previous generation systems, commercial production was still difficult and costly (thousands of transistors to be assembled manually) Some Representative Systems –Honeywell 400, IBM 7030, CDC 1604, UNIVAC LARC

10. 10 Third Generation (1964-1975) Key Hardware Technologies –ICs (consists of several transistors, resistors, capacitors) with SSI and MSI technologies, larger magnetic cores memory, larger capacity disks and magnetic tapes secondary storage, minicomputers –SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10 to 20 components –MSI (Medium Scale Integration): up to 100 components Key Software Technologies –Timesharing operating system, standardization of high-level programming languages, unbundling of software from hardware Key Characteristics –Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier and cheaper to produce commercially, easier to use, and easier to upgrade than previous generation systems; scientific, commercial, and interactive online applications (like airline reservation systems) Some Representative Systems –IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CDC 6600

11. 11 Fourth Generation (1975-1989) Key Hardware Technologies –ICs with VLSI technology, microprocessors, semiconductor memory, larger capacity hard disks as built-in secondary storage, magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage media, PCs, spread of high-speed computer networks –LSI (Large Scale Integration): 30,000 components –VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): 1 million components Key Software Technologies –Operating systems for PCs, GUI, multiple windows on a single terminal screen, UNIX operating system, C programming language, PC-based applications, networking- based applications Key Characteristics –Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs, more powerful and reliable mainframe systems, totally general purpose machines, easier to produce commercially Some Representative Systems –IBM PC and its clones, Apple II, TRS-80, VAX 9000, CRAY- 1, CRAY-2, CRAY-X/MP

12. 12 Fifth Generation (1989-Present) Key Hardware Technologies –ICs with ULSI technology, larger capacity main memory, larger capacity hard disks, optical disks as portable read-only storage media, notebook computers, powerful desktop PCs and workstations, very powerful mainframes, internet –ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration): 10 million components Key Software Technologies –World Wide Web, multimedia applications, internet-based applications Key Characteristics –Portable computers, more powerful, cheaper, reliable, and easier to use desktop machines, very powerful mainframes, very high uptime due to hot-pluggable components, totally general purpose machines, easier to produce commercially Some Representative Systems –IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs, SUN Workstations, IBM SP/2, SGI Origin 2000, PARAM 10,000

13. 13 The Varieties of Computers Computers come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Computers can be classified according to their processing power. In decreasing order of size: 1.Supercomputers 2.Mainframes 3.Workstations 4.Microcomputers 5.Microcontrollers

14. 14 The Varieties of Computers Supercomputer 1. Supercomputers Typically priced from $500,000 to more than $350 million. High-capacity machines with thousands of processors that can perform more than several trillion calculations per second. The fastest computer in the world, which cost $350 million and looks like rows of refrigerator-size boxes, is the NEC Earth Simulator in Yokohama, Japan.

15. 15 The Varieties of Computers 1. Supercomputers Fastest, most powerful, most expensive among the categories Suitable for intensive calculations and processing e.g. Deep Blue, Blue Gene, IBM ASCI (Accelerated Strategies Computing Initiative) White Example Application: weather forecasting, simulating explosions of nuclear bombs, finding oil, designing aircrafts, etc.

16. 16 The Varieties of Computers Mainframe 2. Mainframes Water- or air-cooled computers that cost $5000 - $5 million and vary in size from small, to medium, to large, depending on their use. Small mainframes used to be called minicomputers; today, they’re more frequently called midsize computers. Terminal - means often used to access a mainframe. Consists of a display screen and a keyboard. A terminal can input and output data but cannot by itself process data.

17. 17 2. Mainframes Allows hundreds of people to have simultaneous computer usage Used in large business environment (e.g., bank) Processing speed: billions of instructions per second The Varieties of Computers VP2400 mainframe

18. 18 The Varieties of Computers Workstation: Sun Ultra450 3. Workstations Workstations - expensive, powerful computers usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer- aided design and computer- aided manufacturing. Workstations provide capabilities comparable to midsize mainframes. They are used for tasks such as prescription drugs and movie special effects (such as 3D life in The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter).

19. 19 The Varieties of Computers HP Compaq Business d220 tower microcomputer 4. Microcomputers Microcomputers - also called personal computers. Cost $500 - $5000. Can fit next to a desk or on a desktop, or can be carried around. Tower PC - PC in which the case sits as a “tower,” often on the floor beside a desk, thus freeing up desk space.

20. 20 Compaq Evo desktop microcomputer 4. Microcomputers Desktop PC - those in which the case or main housing sits on a desk, with keyboard in front and monitor (screen) often on top. The Varieties of Computers Apple i-Mac computer

21. 21 The Varieties of Computers 4. Microcomputers In addition to the desktop PC, microcomputers can also be notebook computers and PDAs Notebook computers are also called laptop computers Laptop computers are lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery, and AC adapter.

22. 22 The Varieties of Computers Personal Digital Assistant 4. Microcomputers Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are also called handheld computers or palmtops. PDAs combine personal organization tools--schedule planners, address books, to-do lists--with the ability in some cases to send e-mail and faxes. Well-known makers of PDAs include Palm, Handspring, Sony, and Compaq.

23. 23 The Varieties of Computers DSP: Digital Signal Processor 5. Microcontrollers Microcontrollers - also called embedded computers. They are the tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles.