1. Health Science 1 Chapter 2 The Body’s Chemical Makeup

2. Chemistry of Living Things “Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.” Mike Adams - Biochemist Any study of the human body, requires knowledge of the chemistry of the body’s structure and function.

3. Chemistry of Living Things Biochemistry or Molecular Biology The study of the chemical reactions of living things. Chemistry – composition of substances, their properties and reactions. What is this?

4. Chemistry of Living Things The body is composed of 2 substances: 1. Energy- the ability of chemical systems to do work or to put matter into motion. 2. Matter- material having mass, occupying space

5. The Chemistry of Living Things Matter – solid, liquid, gas 1. Solid – bone 2. Liquid – blood 3. Gas - oxygen Matter is neither created or destroyed. Toast becomes molecules of fat and glucose to be used as energy by the body.

6. The Chemistry of Living Things Energy – 2 types Potential energy – stored in cells, waiting to be released – lying in bed. Kinetic energy – work resulting in motion – getting out of bed.

7. The Chemistry of Living Things Atom – smallest piece of an element Made of subatomic particles Proton- pos. charge Electron – neg. charge Neutron – no charge 1. Atoms of a specific element, same # of Protons, different # of neutrons is called an isotope. Example: All carbon elements have (6) protons. Carbon -13 has (7) neutrons, Carbon -14 has (8) neutrons. Royalty Free

8. The Chemistry of Living things Element – alike combined atoms Can neither be created nor destroyed by ordinary means. Solid bones contain the element Calcium Air we breathe – oxygen Fluid bathing our cells – elements hydrogen and oxygen (a compound called water) There are 92 naturally occurring elements.

9. The Chemistry of Living Things Compounds- formed by the combination of various elements – possess different characteristics based on it’s elements. Separately, hydrogen and Oxygen are gases. Combined They form H 2 O, water. (a liquid) Common Table Salt – Sodium (Na), And chlorine (Cl), sodium is a metal, chlorine is a gas. When combined = (NaCl) = good fried chicken

10. The Chemistry of Living Things Molecules Smallest unit of a compound capable of independent existence Still has properties of the compound EXAMPLE: Compound (water)H 2 O H2O Compound Multiple Molecules Individual Molecules of H 2 O 1 molecule H 2 O Elements Oxygen (1) Hydrogen (2)

11. The Chemistry of Living Things Types of compounds: Inorganic- made of molecules that do not contain carbon (C) Example: Water (H 2 0)– 55%-65% of human body weight- Water is the most important inorganic compound to living organisms

12. The Chemistry of Living Things Carbohydrates – compounds of the3 elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) 3 groups Monosaccharides Disaccharides polysaccharides SUGAR

13. The Chemistry of Living Things Monosaccharides Mono- one Sakcharon – sugar Single or simple sugars – cannot be broken down further glucose/fructose/galactose/ribose/deoxyribose Glucose – main source of energy in cells – “blood sugar” Stored in the liver and muscle cells as GLYCOGEN Fructose – sweetest – fruit & honey

14. The Chemistry of Living Things Disaccharides Double sugar – formed from 2 monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis (a chemical reaction as follows) monosaccharide + monosaccharide – H 2 O A large molecule is formed from small ones by the loss of water Plus Equals H2OH2O Glucose H2OH2O Fructose Minus H2OH2O H2OH2OSucrose a Disaccharide

15. The Chemistry of Living Things Hydrolysis The opposite of dehydration synthesis Large molecule broken into smaller molecules by adding water Disaccharides must be broken down by digestion (hydrolysis) to monosaccharides to be used by the body EXAMPLE: Table sugar (sucrose) must be broken down to glucose and fructose to be used by the body.

16. The Chemistry of Living Things Polysaccharides Large complex CHO molecules – hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules in a chain. EXAMPLES: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Starch – grain products- potatoes Cellulose – structural component plant tissue

17. The Chemistry of Living Things LIPIDS (CHO but less oxygen in relation to hydrogen) Fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids (nervous tissue, cell membrane) Steroids (contain cholesterol) meat and eggs Lipids are an important source of stored energy *Fats consist of glycerol and fatty acids most abundant lipid in body Cholesterol can accumulate in arteries

18. The Chemistry of Living Things Proteins (CHO) + Nitrogen Binding structural components of all living things Fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscles Made up of Amino Acids (22 different kinds) There are many different amino acids. The human body requires 22. There are 9 essential amino acids which must be ingested, cannot be made by body. *Histidine / Threonine Isoleucine / Tryptophan Leucine / Valine Lysine / Phenylalanine Methionine *Histidine is essential for infants but not adults

19. The Chemistry of Living Things Enzymes (proteins) Help control chemical reactions in cells Known as organic catalysts Affects the rate or speed of a chemical reaction without itself being changed Can be used over and over again Names of enzymes usually end in –ase Lactase – allows you to digest milk

20. The Chemistry of Living Things Nucleic Acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA – ribonucleic acid Largest known organic molecules Made of thousands of subunits (nucleotides) DNA – process of heredity – every human cell nucleus contains 46 (23 pair) of chromosomes creating a long coiled molecule of DNA The DNA molecule passes genetic info from one generation to the next The chromosomes contain about 100,000 genes

21. The Chemistry of Living Things RNA Messenger RNA (m-RNA) Transfer RNA (t-RNA) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) RNA is responsible for allowing the creation (synthesis) of different kinds of proteins within the human cell Digital Representation of an RNA molecule

22. The Chemistry of Living Things Acids/Bases/Salts Acid – when dissolved in water, yields hydrogen ions Litmus paper tests acidity Turns blue litmus paper red Base – (alkali) – when dissolved in water, yields negatively charged hydroxide ions Turns red litmus paper blue When an acid and base are combined, they form a SALT and water. This is called a neutralization or exchange reaction.

23. The Chemistry of Living Things pH Scale Measure of acidity or alkalinity 0-14 scale Water is neutral (7.0) Blood 7.35-7.45 Gastric Acid 1.5 – 2.5 Lemons 2.0

24. The Chemistry of Living Things Homeostasis Buffers (sodium bicarbonate) allow the body to maintain normal PH levels and optimum ranges of PH for life. Intracellular fluid – within the cell Extracellular fluid – bathes the cell These fluids must maintain appropriate acid-base and electrolyte balances for life to continue (homeostasis) Moderate dysfunction – illness Severe dysfucntion - death

25. Molecules and Nutrition Molecular Homeostasis Taking in a constant supply of energy and raw materials needed to keep each body component in a continuous state of well-being. Diets lacking a balanced molecular composition create malnutrition Mal = “bad” Undernutrition results from diets that lack all needed molecules for energy and raw materials.

26. Glycemic Index The measurement indicates the amount of glucose available in a given food. NOT the amount of calories. Foods with a high GI will rapidly increase blood sugar. That blood sugar is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle. Then it is stored as fat. 1 pound of fat = 3500 calories. http://www.glycemicindex.com/ Check out your favorite foods.