1. Chapter 18 Honors & Lab Biology
Classification
Chapter 18
Honors & Lab Biology

2. TAXONOMY
Is the branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history.
ARISTOTLE (Greek philosopher) – was the first to classify organisms more than 2,000 year ago
Classified by land, air, and water dwellers
15th and 16th centuries Aristotle’s system seemed adequate
Then, scientist began to see a problem with “common names” ex: jellyfish  not a fish
robin, fir tree

3. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish naturalist
Grouping organisms into hierarchical categories
First he used morphology (form & structure)
Then phylogeny (evolutionary history of organism)

4. Levels of Classification
KINGDOM - king
PHYLUM philip
CLASS came
ORDER over
FAMILY for
GENUS good
SPECIES spaghetti

5. Binomial Nomenclature
Genus species
RULE:
Genus name is CAPITALIZED and both names are underlined or written in italics!!!!
Ex: Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Felis domestica, Felis concolor

6. TWO Modern Systems of Classification
Six Kingdom System
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

8. Three Domain System

9. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archae = ancient
unicellular
Prokaryotes
Autotrophic – chemosynthesis
Waste  methane
Live in harsh environments such as sulfurous hot springs, salty lakes
Also live in anaerobic environments such as intestines of mammals
May be direct descendents of first organisms on Earth (before evolution of photosynthesis & O2)

10. Archaebacteria
black smoker:  the colonies thrive in complete darkness, without oxygen, surrounded by superheated water, and bathed in a chemical soup of hydrogen sulfide and other dissolved minerals.  That's extreme!
EXTREMOPHILES!!!

11. Hot underwater volcanic vent! Found in hot springs in Yellowstone Park

12. Kingdom Eubacteria Eu = “true” Unicellular prokaryotes
Most of the bacteria that affect your life
Cause: tooth decay, turn milk into yogurt, cause food poisoning
Most USE OXYGEN
Include the GREATEST NUMBER OF LIVING THINGS ON EARTH!!
Reproduce by binary fission (30 min.) WOW!

13. Most abundant yet you can’t see them with the naked eye!!!!!

14. This is the bacteria found in CHEESE!!!

15. Kingdom Protista
Made up of variety of eukaryotic, mostly single celled organisms
Some exist as multicellular organisms ex: “giant kelp” = looks like a plant BUT lacks specialized tissues
This kingdom contains all eukaryotes that are NOT plants, animals or fungi
More than 50,000 species

16. Giant Kelp

17. Examples of Protists: Euglena and Ameoba (unicellular)
Euglena = can feed on other organisms like animals BUT also have chloroplast and can go through photosynthesis

18. Amoeba
Feed on other organisms and respond to touch and light.

19. Kingdom Fungi
Heterotrophic unicellular & multicellular eukaryotic organisms
ABSORB nutrients
Over 100,000 species including mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, mildews, and molds!

20. Puffballs found in Wisconsin

21. Soybean Rust Pustules

22. MOLDS

23. Smut Fungus on Corn

24. Athletes Foot Fungus

25. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular plants
Autotrophic and use photosynthesis
350,000 species include: mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants

27. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophic organisms
Most have symmetrical body organization