1. A movement 2 Oct. 31, 2012 – Day 26 Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

2. C OURSE MANAGEMENT http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/ANTH3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund. 10/31/12 2 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

3. A-MOVEMENT Radford §6 10/31/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 3

4. REVIEW Radford §6.1-3 10/31/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 4

5. T’T’PRN he T will C [EF, TNS] ø VP V refer P [EF] to C’C’ PP PRN who D EDUCTIVE INTRODUCTION : R ECALL PREPOSITION STRANDING Which categories have a specifier? P, T, and C. What is left out? V. The topic of this chapter really is, can V have a specifier? 10/31/12 5 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP P’P’PRN who ------ CP ---- will+ ---- PRN who ----- ------

6. CP TPCøCø PRN there QP some students T’T’ V' VPT should F IRST PIECE OF EVIDENCE : A VP- INTERNAL SUBJECT IN B ELFAST E NGLISH THERE CLAUSES (6.4) 10/29/12 6 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V get QP ø distinctions

7. CP TPCøCø QP all hell T’T’ V' VPT will S ECOND PIECE OF EVIDENCE : S UBJECT IDIOMS CAN BE INSERTED AS A UNIT IN VP (6.12) 10/31/12 7 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V break AP loose QP all hell ----------

8. CP TPCøCø QP everyone T’T’ V' NegPT did T HIRD PIECE OF EVIDENCE : N EGATION HAS SCOPE OVER A VP- INTERNAL SUBJECT 10/29/12 8 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V finish DetP the assignment QP everyone ----------- Neg' Neg ø VP n’tn’t

9. CP TPCøCø QP some students T’T’ V' VPT should C ONCLUSION : ALL SUBJECTS START OUT IN THE SPECIFIER OF V (6.5) 10/31/12 9 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V get QP ø distinctions QP some students ------- -----------

10. Table of thematic (Θ) roles (15) Thematic roleGlossExample AGENT Entity that performs the action Mary kissed John. Mary sneezed. THEME Entity affected by the action Mary kissed John. Mary fell over. EXPERIENCER Entity that experiences a psychological state Death scares Mary. Mary likes syntax. It seems to me that … LOCATIVE (Stationary) placeMary lives in Idaho. GOAL Destination of a motionMary went to Idaho. SOURCE Origin of a motionMary came from Idaho. INSTRUMENT Means used to perform action Mary hit it with a hammer. 10/31/12 10 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

11. ARGUMENT STRUCTURE & THEMATIC or Θ ROLES Radford §6.4 10/31/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 11

12. THEMATIC MECHANISMS θ roles have been implicated in many grammatical phenomena, but we do not have time to review them here. It is enough to say: Theta/θ criterion : Each argument bears one and only one θ role, and each θ role is assigned to one and only one argument. (18) Predicate-internal theta-marking hypothesis : An argument is theta-marked via merger with a predicate. (19) Argument classification The complement is the internal or first-merged argument of a verb; the subject is the external or second-merged argument of a verb. 10/31/12 12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

13. CP TPCøCø DP the police T’T’ V' VPT will EXAMPLE (6.21) 10/31/12 13 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V arrest DP the suspect DP the police ------------ V assigns THEME to its internal or first- merged argument V assigns AGENT to its external or second- merged argument

14. UNACCUSATIVE PREDICATES Radford §6.5 10/31/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 14

15. I NDUCTIVE INTRODUCTION Two kinds of intransitive verbs 22a) There have arisen several complications. 22b) There could have occurred a diplomatic incident. 22c) There does still remain some hope of finding survivors. 31a) There complained many passengers. 31b) In the dentist’s office, there groaned a toothless patient. 31c) Every time the general goes past, there salutes a soldier. We call the verbs of the first group unaccusative and those of the second group unergative. What is the thematic role of the intransitive argument? THEME for the unaccusatives; AGENT for the unergatives. 10/31/12 15 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane * * *

16. MORE DISTINCTIONS Belfast English A 32a) Leave you now! 32b) Arrive you before 6 o’clock! 32c) Be going you out of the door when he arrives! 33c) *Always laugh you at his jokes! 33a) *Read you that book! 33b) *Eat you up! Auxiliary selection in Shakespeare 34a) Mistress Page is come with me. 34b) Is the Duke gone? Then is your cause gone too? 34c) How chance thou art returned so soon? 34d) She is fallen into a pit of ink. 10/31/12 16 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

17. CP TPCøCø DP the police T’T’ V' VPT will U NERGATIVE INTRANSITIVE VERBS HAVE AGENT SUBJECTS 10/31/12 17 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V complain DP the police ------------ V assigns AGENT to its external or second- merged argument

18. CP TPCøCø T’T’ VPT could HYPO: UNACCUSATIVE SUBJECTS ORIGINATE AS COMPLEMENTS (6.35-7) 10/31/12 18 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V arise QP several complications QP several complications ------------ ----------------- V assigns THEME to its internal argument

19. PASSIVE PREDICATES Radford §6.6 10/31/12 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 19

20. I NDUCTIVE INTRODUCTION Examples 42a) Hundreds of people saw the attack. 42b) The attack was seen by hundreds of people. 43a) Lex Luthor stole the kryptonite. 43b) The kryptonite was stolen by Lex Luthor. 44a) They took everything. 44b) Everything was taken. Properties of the passive voice 1. It requires the auxiliary be … 2. plus the passive participle (= perfect participle). 3. The verb's subject may appear in a by phrase. 4. The verb's complement appears as the subject. 10/31/12 20 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

21. PASSIVES AS UNACCUSATIVES Passives accept there 45b) There was found no evidence of any corruption. 46b) There have been reported several cases of syntactophobia. 47b) There has been announced a significant change of policy. Hypothesis The passive omits a verb’s subject – see next two slides. 10/31/12 21 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane

22. CP TPCøCø T’T’ VPT were PASSIVE WITH THERE AS UNACCUSATIVE (48) 10/31/12 22 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V reported QP several cases PRN there V assigns THEME to its internal argument

23. CP TPCøCø T’T’ VPT were PASSIVE AS UNACCUSATIVE (49) 10/31/12 23 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane V reported QP several cases V assigns THEME to its internal argument QP several cases --------------------

24. NEXT TIME Continue from §6.8 on raising 10/31/12 24 ANTH3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane