2. A Satellite View

4. Africa at Night

5. *The primary influences on the climates of Africa are latitude and wind systems

6. Africa’s Size # Second largest continent  11,700,000 sq. mi. # 10% of the world’s population. # 2 ½ times the size of the U. S. 5000MILES5000MILES 4 6 0 0 M I L E S

7. Bodies Of Water Nile River Congo River Zambezi River Niger River Orange River Limpopo River Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Red Sea L. Victoria L. Albert--> L. Chad--> L. Tanganyika-> <--Gulf of Aden

8. The Mighty Nile River: “Longest River in the World”

9. The Congo River Basin # Covers 12% of the continent. # Extends over 9 countries. # 2,720 miles long. # 99% of the country of Zaire is in the Congo River basin.

10. The Niger River Basin # Covers 7.5% of the continent. # Extends over 10 countries. # 2,600 miles long.

11. Hydroelectric Power

12. Drajensburg Mts. Ruwenzori Mts. Δ Mt. Kenya Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro Mountains & Peaks Atlas Mts.

13. The African Plateau

14. Deserts Sahara Desert Sahel Kalahari Desert Namib Desert Libyan Desert

15. The Sahara Desert *The Sahara limits much migration between northern and southern Africa.

16. Desertification The shift of desert is called desertification- an expanse of dry conditions into moist areas that are next to deserts.

17. The Sahel It is a narrow band of dry grassland that runs east to west along the southern edge of the Sahara.

18. Sahel A narrow band of semi-arid land south of the Sahara, the Sahel attracted both Arabs looking for gold from Sudan and Europeans looking for slaves from West Africa. The Sahel is widely French-speaking, Islamic and takes its name ("shore") from Arabic. In the 1970s, the Sahel captured international attention when drought and famine killed nearly 200,000 people. Though conditions have since improved, it has yet to shake a vicious cycle of soil erosion, insufficient irrigation, deforestation, overpopulation, desertification and drought. The area tends to find Islam religions in the North and non- Islam in the South. Since a majority of this region is religiously divided, there have been many civil wars between the Islamic and non-Islamic people in the countries.

19. Valleys & Plains Great Rift Valley

20. 3,000 miles long *As the continent plates(tectonics) pulled apart the land sank to form long thin valleys- called rift valleys.

21. Seismic Activity in Africa

22. Africa: The “Tropical” Continent Tropic of Cancer 20° N Tropic of Capricorn 20° S Equator 0°

23. African Trade Winds *The primary influences on the climates of Africa are latitude and wind systems

24. West Africa: Home of our Hurricanes

25. Vegetation Zones

26. The African Savannah: 13 million sq. mi.

27. African Rain Forest # Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft. # Rapid decomposition (very humid). # Covers 37 countries. # 15% of the land surface of Africa.

28. Mt. Kilimanjaro: Snow on the Equator?

29. The Complete Topography Of AFRICA Nile River Congo River Zambezi River Niger River Orange River Limpopo River Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Red Sea L. Victoria L. Albert--> L. Chad--> L. Tanganyika-> <--Gulf of Aden Drajensburg Mts. Ruwenzori Mts. Δ Mt. Kenya Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro Sahara Desert Sahel Kalahari Desert Namib Desert Libyan Desert Great Rift Valley Atlas Mts. Tropic of Cancer 20° N Tropic of Capricorn 20° S Equator 0°

30. Natural Resources *Agriculture is the single most important economic activity in Africa. After oil, coffee is the most profitable commodity in Africa. *Lumber (Central Africa) is another important commodity. Sugar, palm oil, and cocoa (main ingredient in chocolate) are other commodities.

31. Subsistence Agriculture *Primary economic activities like subsistence agriculture make up the majority of Africa’s economy.

32. Migration and Emigration *People have moved in Africa because of disease, conflict and famine. A person emigrates FROM a specific place (Germany or Norway or wherever). This person can then immigrate to the United States or somewhere else. Emigration is the act of leaving and immigration is the act of entering another nation.

33. Triangular Trade The trade system of African slaves to the Americas and plantation crops to Europe was called the triangular trade. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29554-assignment-discovery-triangular-trade-video.htm

35. The Policy of Apartheid in South Africa In 1948 the White minority government of South Africa instituted a policy of apartheid or complete separation of races. In 1912 blacks founded the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights. *A lasting effect of Apartheid still evident today is that white South Africans are much wealthier and have more opportunities than black South Africans. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29503-assignment-discovery-apartheid-in-south-africa- video.htm

36. Colonialism After World War I, Britain and France divided the lands of the Ottoman Empire. Colonialism is the extension of a state’s authority through conquest and/or settlement. This term is often used to describe the pattern of global control exercised by the European powers from around the 1400s until after World War II. *South Africa still has many of the cultural traits of its former British colonial rulers

38. Legacy of Colonialism Africa is still recovering from the effects of colonialism. Europeans invested little in Africa. They left behind no money to develop roads, airports, or a productive educational system. The area is rich in natural resources, however money and infrastructure are needed to develop these resources. They only built transportations systems like railroads because it helped to get resources out of Africa.

39. Berlin Conference *Europeans did not want to fight over Africa so they convened the Berlin Conference in order to divide Africa and obtain it’s resources. Liberia and Ethiopia remained free of European control. 14 States divided up Africa without consideration of cultures Results of superimposed boundaries African peoples were divided. Unified regions were ripped apart. Hostile societies were thrown together. Hinterlands were disrupted. Migration routes were closed off.

40. Health Care in Africa AIDS has become a pandemic. A pandemic is an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease over a large area. Some Geographers predict that the worst affected countries population could decline by 10 to 20 percent.

41. MALARIA Malaria is probably Africa's No. 1 most widely spread disease and in most regions of Africa you should take protective measures. Although it is not possible to protect yourself totally you can reduce the risk of getting a serious, sometimes life threatening, bout of the disease. Malaria can take from 7 days to several months to incubate and the symptoms range from headaches, pain and flu-likes aches to sometimes experiencing disorientation and high temperatures. www.africaguide.com

42. Kimberly Process The Kimberley Process is an attempt to halt the sales of diamonds from conflict areas, where those funds are used to support the unlawful and illegal operations of rebel, military and terrorist groups. The Kimberly Process has been successful at preventing the sale of blood diamonds. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/v p/38583776#38583776http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/v p/38583776#38583776

43. Conflict in Sub Saharan Africa

44. Causes Contributing to Conflict Poverty Ethnic/Religious differences Poor education Competition for natural resources Political boundaries Internal power transitions Changes in the balance of power among states How many of these do you think relate to Sub-Saharan Africa? ©2012, TESCCC

45. Effects of Conflict Civil War Destruction of infrastructure Poverty Refugees Migration Terrorism High death tolls Corruption Genocide How many of these effects can be seen in Sub- Saharan Africa? ©2012, TESCCC

46. Rwanda Genocide Civil War between the Hutu and Tutsi groups in Rwanda. Resulted in almost 1 million deaths. Ethnic conflict resulting in mass migration and refugee camps. ©2012, TESCCC