1. Animal Cell

2. Plant Cell

5. Journey through the cell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJEfeXU3 f24 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJEfeXU3 f24

6. Plasma (cell) membrane – the membrane at the boundary of every cell. – It is selectively permeable – meaning that it controls the substances entering and exiting the cell.

7. The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer is made up of single units called phospholipids.

8. A phospholipid is made up of: – A polar hydrophilic head (polar head - phosphate group and glycerol) – A non-polar hydrophobic tail (2 chains of fatty acids)

10. The non-polar, hydrophobic tails position themselves in the middle region of the bilayer. The polar, hydrophilic heads positions facing outwards and interacts with the water. OUTSIDE – EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX INSIDE – CYTOPLASM PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

11. Fluid Mosaic Model The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane of animal cells, in which the membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded or attached.

12. Integral proteins – are protein structures that completely spans the hydrophobic region of the plasma membrane. Peripheral proteins – are protein structures that are attached to the surface of the plasma membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

14. Cells must maintain an internal balance of substances, and requires the ability to eliminate toxins and waste products produced within the cell. This can be done in two processes: 1)Passive Transport 2)Active Transport

15. Passive Transport Does not require energy for transport of materials into and out of the cell. Examples: – Simple Diffusion – Osmosis and – Facilitated diffusion

16. Solutes will move in the direction of higher concentration to lower concentration of a particular solute. Bidirectional and slow

18. Simple Diffusion Doesn’t require energy Moves high to low concentration Example: Oxygen diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out.

19. Brownian motion – the random motion of molecules. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UC0bKzg QU9g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UC0bKzg QU9g 1:35 – 2:12

20. Facilitated Diffusion Doesn’t require energy Uses transport proteins to move from high to low concentration Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood into a cell.

21. Osmosis - diffusion of water across the plasma membrane down its concentration gradient Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to LOW water potential (high solute) Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to LOW water potential (high solute)

22. Diffusion of H 2 O Across A Membrane High H 2 O potential Low solute concentration Low H 2 O potential High solute concentration

23. Aquaporins Water Channels Protein pores used during OSMOSIS WATER MOLECULES

24. Cell in Isotonic Solution CELL 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O What is the direction of water movement? The cell is at _______________. equilibrium ENVIRONMENT NO NET MOVEMENT

25. Cell in Hypotonic Solution CELL 10% NaCL 90% H 2 O 20% NaCL 80% H 2 O What is the direction of water movement?

26. Cell in Hypertonic Solution CELL 15% NaCL 85% H 2 O 5% NaCL 95% H 2 O What is the direction of water movement? ENVIRONMENT

27. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3_8FSr qc-I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3_8FSr qc-I

28. Cells in Solutions

29. Isotonic Solution NO NET MOVEMENT OF H 2 O (equal amounts entering & leaving) Hypotonic Solution CYTOLYSIS Hypertonic Solution PLASMOLYSIS

30. Cytolysis & Plasmolysis Cytolysis Plasmolysis

31. Osmosis in Red Blood Cells Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

32. What Happens to Blood Cells?

33. hypotonichypertonic isotonic hypertonicisotonic hypotonic

34. Active Transport  Requires energy or ATP  Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration  AGAINST concentration gradient

35. Substances moving via active transport includes: – substances that are too large – substances that cannot dissolve in the lipid- bilayer – substances that are unable to move down its concentration gradient.

36. What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate

37. Active transport  Examples: Pumping Na + (sodium ions) out and K + (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.  Called Na+-K+ Pump

38. Sodium-Potassium Pump 3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out; creates a membrane potential

39. Crash Course – In Da Club https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD 1eS4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD 1eS4

40. Compare and Contrast List as many things that are similar and as many things that are different about passive transport and active transport.

41. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 1 In which type of transport are there carrier proteins? – Passive transport (facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active transport

42. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 2 Which type of transport is non-specific? – Simple diffusion

43. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 3 Which type of transport works against the concentration gradient? – Active transport

44. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 4 Which type(s) of transport is bilateral? – Passive transport

45. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 5 Which type(s) of transport requires the use of energy in the form of ATP? – Active transport

46. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 6 Which substances can cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion? Give examples. – Oxygen, carbon dioxide

47. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 7 Which substances cannot cross the cell membrane through passive transport? – Substances that are too large – Substances that cannot dissolve in a lipid bilayer – Substances that are unable to move down it’s concentration gradient

48. Quiz… Just for Fun Question 8 What does it mean by moving “down its concentration gradient”? – Moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

49. = water molecule hypotonic hypertonic What is the net movement of water? What will happen to the cell as a result? Into the cell Burst - cytolysis

50. = water molecule hypotonic hypertonic What is the net movement of water? What will happen to the cell as a result? Out of the cell Shrivel - plasmolysis

51. = water molecule isotonic What is the net movement of water? What will happen to the cell as a result? Equal movement into and out Cell is at equilibrium

52. = water molecule What is the net movement of water? What will happen to the cell as a result? = table salt molecule Out of the cell Shrivel - plasmolysis hypertonic hypotonic

53. = water molecule What is the net movement of water? What will happen to the cell as a result? = table salt molecule Equal movement into and out Cell is at equilibrium isotonic

54. Movements of macromolecules, such as proteins are called bulk transport. This occurs through either one of two processes called endocytosis or exocytosis.

55. Exocytosis Transport materials out of the cell. Important for expulsion of waste materials and to secrete important macromolecules, such as, enzymes and hormones.

57. Endocytosis Transport materials into the cell. The opposite of exocytosis.

58. There are 3 types of endocytosis 1.Phagocytosis (cellular eating) 2.Pinocytosis (cellular drinking) 3.Receptor-mediated endocytosis

61. Exocytosis Exocytic vesicle immediately after fusion with plasma membrane.

62. Endocytosis – Phagocytosis Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles Called “Cell Eating”

63. Pinocytosis Most common form of endocytosis Most common form of endocytosis. Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle.

64. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize, bind and take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.

66. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

67. Animation http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio 4fv/page/rectpr.htm

68. Receptor-mediated endocytosis Receptors on the plasma membrane will only bind to specific molecules, called ligands, for ingestion. Example: the uptake of cholesterol into the cell

69. PLEASE NOTE! Both endocytosis and exocytosis processes require the use of energy in the form of ATP Therefore, they are both forms of active transport

70. Quick Quiz Question 1 What is the process by which materials are exported out of the cell? a)Phagocytosis b)Exocytosis c)Endocytosis d)Bulk transport

71. Quick Quiz Question 2 Mammalian cells use _______ to import cholesterol. a)Phagocytosis b)Pinocytosis c)Endocytosis d)Receptor-mediated endocytosis

72. Quick Quiz Question 3 Pinocytosis is the process of “cellular drinking” a)True b)False

73. Quick Quiz Question 4 Phagosomes must fuse with lysosomes to digest imported materials. a)True b)False