2. WORLD WAR I 1914 - 1918 BITTER PEACE The Treaty Of Versailles

3. Essential Question: What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I?

4. World War I was fought between the Allies and Central Powers from 1914 to 1918 On November 11, 1918, the German government agreed to an armistice, and the war ended

5. THE BLOODY COST WOUNDED SOLDIERS RETURN FROM THE FRONT

6. World War I was the largest, deadliest, and most destructive war the world had yet seen 8.5 million soldiers and 13 million civilians died as a result of the war

7. 21 million soldiers were wounded during the war

8. THE WOUNDED A combat nurse writes a letter for a wounded soldier Many of the wounded soldiers were maimed and suffered crippling injuries

10. SOLDIERS BLINDED BY POISON GAS

11. STAGGERING AMOUNT OF DEATH To put this in proper perspective… In the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. has lost over 5000 soldiers over the last decade or so In World War I, the Allies alone lost an average of 3500 SOLDIERS PER DAY in just over four years of war

12. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GENOCIDE is intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group  During the war, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire blamed some of their wartime losses on a group of people living in its borders called the Armenians  The Turks used the war as an excuse to commit genocide against the Christian Armenians, a group of people the Muslim Turks had hated for a long time

13. The Turks exterminated possibly as many as ONE MILLION Armenian men, women, and children ARMENIAN WOMAN AND HER CHILDREN MARCHING TO THEIR DEATHS THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

14. Germany and Turkey were allied in the war; some German soldiers witnessed the systematic way the Turks slaughtered the Armenians

16. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIANS BEHEADED BY TURKISH SOLDIERS Some of these German soldiers would later become Nazis during World War II

17. THE SCIENCE OF GENOCIDE These future Nazis learned the “science of genocide” from the Turks and used similar methods when carrying out the Holocaust against the Jews ARMENIANS BEHEADED BY TURKISH SOLDIERS

18. Homes, farms, towns, and cities were destroyed; the war cost a total of $338 billion and most national treasuries were empty

19. THE DAMAGE DONE FRENCH CITY OF VERDUN: BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR

20. PALACE OF JUSTICE IN SENLIS: BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR THE DAMAGE DONE

21. RUINS OF THE CITY OF YPRES AFTER THE WAR THE DAMAGE DONE

22. RUINS OF THE FRENCH VILLAGE OF VAUX THE DAMAGE DONE

23. AND AS IF THAT WEREN’T ENOUGH… At the end of 1918, as the world is still reeling from the war, another disaster strikes; an influenza epidemic spreads around the globe, killing about 30 million people worldwide

24. In 1919, representatives from 32 nations attended the Paris Peace Conference to write a treaty to end the war The conference was led by the “Big Four”: Britain, France, Italy, and the United States French Premier George Clemenceau U.S. President Woodrow Wilson British Prime Minister David Lloyd George Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando Germany and none of the Central Powers were allowed to attend; Russia (now led by Bolsheviks) could not attend because of how they quit the war

25. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando Creating a treaty would not be easy because the major powers had different agendas French Premier George Clemenceau British Prime Minister David Lloyd George Britain and France wanted to weaken Germany so it could never go to war again Britain and France wanted Germany to accept full blame, pay reparations, and lose all overseas colonies U.S. President Woodrow Wilson disagreed the these harsh punishments for Germany President Wilson presented his own peace proposal known as the Fourteen Points

26. WILSON’S 14 POINTS Wilson’s peace plan (the 14 Points) was meant to prevent international problems from starting another war

27. 9. Change in Italy’s borders 10. Self-government for Austria-Hungary’s peoples 11. Removal of German troops from the Balkans with Serbia gaining access to the sea 12. Independence for Turkey Giving those under Turkish rule the ability to rule themselves 13. Independence for Poland 14. Creation of The League of Nations 1. An end to secret treaties 2. Freedom of the Seas 3. Free trade among nations 4. A reduction of all armies & navies 5. End colonialism 6. Removal of German troops from Russia 7. Removal of German troops from Belgium 8. Removal of German troops from France & the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France THE 14 POINTS: AN OUTLINE FOR PEACE

28. POINTS 1-5: Wilson hoped to eliminate the causes of WWI and called for an end to secret treaties (alliances), freedom of the seas, eliminating imperial colonies, and reducing national militaries President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 1918 POINTS 6-13: Wilson suggested changing national boundaries, creating new nations, and allowing self-determination so that the people of each nation could decide their own form of government POINT 14: Wilson wanted a League of Nations…

29. …that would give all nations an opportunity to work out their grievances without resorting to war Wilson hoped that a League of Nations could peacefully negotiate solutions to future conflicts

30. ALLIES DISAGREE  President Wilson favored “peace without victory”, opposing severe punishment for the defeated Central Powers  The other Allies, most notably France, wanted revenge on the Central Powers, especially on Germany; France suffered more damage than any other country over the course of the Great War, and wanted vengeance on Germany because of it  In the United States, isolationists wanted America to stay out of other nations’ affairs  The bottom line result: The Allies reject most of the 14 Points

31. Britain and France disagreed with so many of the Fourteen Points that Wilson had to compromise These compromises led to an agreement known as the Treaty of Versailles

32. The major provisions of the Versailles Treaty included: A League of Nations that would serve as an international organization to keep peace among nations The League also included a Court of International Justice to settle disagreements The League covenant included an agreement that all member nations would work together to stop future acts of aggression

33. The terms of the treaty severely punished Germany Germany had to give up land in Europe and all of its overseas colonies Germany was forced to sign the “war guilt” clause, accepting all blame for the war and paying $33 billion in reparations to the Allies The German military was reduced to 100,000 troops, six warships, no submarines, and could not manufacture war equipment

34. In addition, the Treaty of Versailles redrew the map of Europe and the Middle East Central Europe was redrawn to reduce the power of the Austro- Hungarian Empire Land was taken from Germany to create Poland; the German-French border was demilitarized to avoid a future invasion

35. Several Slavic nations (such as Bosnia and Serbia) combine to form one large new nation (Yugoslavia)

36. New nations were created from territories that Russia gave up when it left the war early The Ottoman Empire was divided; Britain and France gained mandates in the Middle East

37. The mandates gave Britain and France control over oil resources in the Middle East A mandate is the authority to administer a country or territory

38. CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRES  AUSTRIA  HUNGARY (two main parts of the Austro- Hungarian Empire are split up)  CZECHOSLOVAKIA (taken from Germany and Austria-Hungary)  EAST PRUSSIA (a Germanic state now separate from mainland Germany)  POLAND (free of Russia and Germany)  YUGOSLAVIA (a Slavic nation composed of Serbia, Montenegro, and other Slavic people like Croatians and Bosnians, who are now free from Austria-Hungary)

39.  FINLAND (independent of Russia)  ESTONIA (independent of Russia)  LATVIA (independent of Russia)  LITHUANIA (independent of Germany)  IRELAND is now independent of Britain, but…  NORTH IRELAND remains under British control  The free city of DANZIG is created CARVING NEW NATIONS FROM OLD EMPIRES

40. BORDER CHANGES TO EXISTING COUNTRIES In war, there are winners and losers The winners expanded their borders while the losers lost land ITALY, ROMANIA, GREECE, and DENMARK expand their borders TURKEY, BULGARIA, GERMANY, and RUSSIA lose territory

41. Spain Russia France Italy Germany Austria-Hungary Great Britain Turkey/Ottoman Empire Serbia Bulgaria Greece Sicily Denmark Belgium Netherlands MEDITERRANEAN SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH SEA BLACK SEA Romania Portugal Switzerland Norway Sweden Albania Montenegro Ireland BALTIC SEA Luxembourg

42. Spain France U.S.S.R. Italy Finland Germany Greece Great Britain Yugoslavia Estonia Poland Turkey Sicily Switz.Austria Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Latvia Romania Hungary Norway Portugal Ireland North Ireland Lithuania Denmark Sweden Netherlands Lux Belgium Danzig East Prussia Albania NORTH SEA BALTIC SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA BLACK SEA ATLANTIC OCEAN

43. On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles and World War I officially came to an end

44. Most nations celebrated the official end of the Great War Germans protested the harsh terms and resented their own government for giving in and signing the treaty “Down with the brutal peace!”

45. PLANTING THE SEEDS Winston Churchill, Britain’s future Prime Minister, predicted that the harsh terms against Germany would cause conflicts in the future. He called the Treaty of Versailles “monstrous” for its harshness on Germany.

46. In the United States, reactions to the Treaty of Versailles were mixed According to the U.S. Constitution, only the Senate can approve treaties Many Senators feared that signing the treaty and joining the League would force America to become involved in future foreign wars As a result, the United States never signed the treaty nor joined the League of Nations

47. Members of the League of Nations (shaded)

48. World War I was the largest war the world had yet seen and it changed the way future wars were fought Nations used “total war” tactics to commit all their resources to winning; they also drafted soldiers, rationed, and used propaganda New war technologies increased the rates of death and destruction to unprecedented levels The war changed expectations for women and led to voting rights for women in many nations

49. World War I was the largest war the world had yet seen and it changed the way future wars were fought 22 million soldiers and civilians died in the war: an entire generation of Europeans was killed The physical damage to Europe was enormous War devastated Europe’s economy; nations had little money to rebuild and few jobs to offer citizens

50. The terms of the Versailles Treaty caused problems and bitterness in many nations, especially Germany The Treaty of Versailles was said to be a “peace built on quicksand” The treaty did not address the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI The League of Nations did not include the USA; League leaders would do anything to avoid another war High unemployment and desire for revenge would lead to aggressive dictators in the 1920s and 1930s

51. DO YOU RECOGNIZE THIS MAN?

52. CORPORAL ADOLF HITLER Adolf Hitler, who was from Austria, was a soldier for Germany in the Great War. He earned medals for bravery. Hitler was temporarily blinded by poison gas and was recovering in a hospital when news of Germany’s defeat reached him.

53. GERMANY’S HUMILIATION GUARANTEES FUTURE CONFLICT In his autobiography, Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote about hearing of Germany’s defeat: “The burning in my eyes could not match the hate burning in my heart. From that moment, I knew I should enter politics.” THE SEEDS ARE SOWN FOR AN EVEN BLOODIER CONFLICT

55. WORLD WAR I and WORLD WAR II: THE SAME WAR? World War I was definitely not “The War To End All Wars” The way this war ended guaranteed a future conflict Only 21 years after World War I ended, World War II would begin Many historians consider WWI and WWII to be the same war, but with an “intermission” World War II would far surpass World War I in terms of death and destruction

56. Created by Christopher Jaskowiak Thanks to Brooks Baggett for some of the slides Thanks to Professor Daniel Blum of Buffalo State College for his excellent teaching of the course, 20 th Century Europe