1. WORLD WAR I: THE AFTERMATH - The allies won and met at Versailles near Paris in 1919 to try to create a peace settlement (France, Britain, USA and Italy). - The empires of Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary had disappeared. - Russia had suffered a communist revolution. - The population faced starvation, displacement and a pandemic flu (Spanish flu). - Around 9 million soldiers were killed (about 15% of combatants). - Millions were permanently disabled.

2. http://www.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/wwi/century/

3. - In France 20% of men between 20 and 40 years were killed in 1914, that’s known as the Lost Generation. - Civilians died directly in the war, and also from famine and disease. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES IN EUROPE - Britain spent more than 34 billion of pounds. - By 1918 the USA had lent $2000 millions to Britain and France. - U-boats had sunk 40% of British merchant shipping. - During the 1920s Britain and France spent about 1/3 and ½ of their total public expenditure on debt charges and repayments.

4. - Britain never regained its financial predominance and lost overseas markets. - Land and industry were destroyed where the war took place (especially in France). - Belgium, Poland, Italy and Serbia were badly affected too. - Roads, railways, hospitals and houses had to be reconstructed; arable land had to be made productive again by removing unexploded shells.

5. POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES GERMANY - Revolution broke before 1918. - Sailors mutinied and took Kiel and triggered other revolts. - Socialist led uprisings of workers and soldiers in ports and cities. - The Kaiser abdicated (Nov 9 th / 1918) and fled to Holland. - Friedrich Ebert (socialist) became leader of the Republic of Germany.

6. RUSSIA - The 1st revolution of 1917 overthrew the Tsar Nicholas II and set a provisional government which planned to hold free elections. - The 2 nd revolution of 1917 overthrew the government and Bolsheviks seized power. - Vladimir Lenin promised “Peace, land and bread” and the treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. - There was a civil war from 1918 to 1921.

7. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY - Austria-Hungary separated into two different states and various nationalities proclaimed independent.

10. TURKEY - The sultanate collapsed in 1922 and was replaced by an authoritarian ruler. - It left a huge area of Central and Eastern Europe in turmoil. - The Bolsheviks in Russia encouraged the growth of socialism. - Many ruling classes of Europe were afraid of the spread of communism.

11. IMPACT OUTSIDE EUROPE (1919) UNITED STATES - They emerged from the war as the world’s leading economy. - During the war US food, raw materials and munitions were sent to Europe. - The US took over European overseas markets during the war. - They replaced Germany as the leading producer of fertilizers, dyes and chemical products. - Wilson hoped that the US would play a larger role in international affairs (collective security). - US citizens were more concerned about problems nearer home: flu epidemic, spread of communism, racial tension, etc.

12. JAPAN - New markets and demands for goods. - Exports nearly tripled during the war. - Opportunities of territorial expansion. - Seized Shandong and other German colonies in the Pacific. - It wanted to control China. CHINA - Had fought as Allied since 1917. - Had delegates in the Versailles Conference. - Wanted control over Shandong. - Wanted release from Japanese demands.

14. PROBLEMS FACING THE PEACEMAKERS IN 1919 - The Big 3 dominated the Versailles peace conference. - Japan only cared about the issues regarding the Pacific. - Vittorio Orlando (Italian Prime Minister) played a minor role and walked out of the conference when he didn’t get the territorial gains that Italy had hoped for. - The first problem was the political and social instability in Europe. - Other political issues were: - different aims among the peacemakers - the nature of the Armistice settlement - the German mood - the popular sentiment in the Allied countries (SEE PAGE 71 Wilson’s 14 points)

16. AIMS OF THE PEACEMAKERS - Wilson was an idealist but believed that Germany should be punished. - He also believed that self-determination would end the frustrations that caused WWI and US would take the lead and promote the ideas od democracy. - Clemenceau and Lloyd George didn’t agree with Wilson. - Clemenceau wanted a harsh settlement against Germany (economic and territorial sanctions). - Clemenceau was keen to retain wartime links with Britain and USA. - Lloyd George wanted a less severe settlement (Germany to lose its navy and colonies), and had to be able to recover quickly (for trade reasons and to block the spread of communism).

17. - Japan wanted recognition of the islands it had gained during the war. - Also, to have racial equality clause in the Covenant of the League of Nations.