1. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Definitions Hydrological cycle: pathway of water from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface, below ground, and back. Biogeochemical cycle: movement of a chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem Nitrogen fixation: process by which certain types of bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen compounds

2. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Opener Grab a half sheet from the front (picture- primary, secondary, tertiary consumer) Have out your homework questions from the article.

3. 13.5 Cycling of Matter KEY CONCEPT Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.

4. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Water cycles through the environment. The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of water on Earth. Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water. precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation water storage in ocean surface runoff lake groundwater seepage

5. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems. A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem. The main processes involved in the oxygen cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.

6. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients. oxygen respiration carbon dioxide photosynthesis

7. 13.5 Cycling of Matter How many people? School : 1400 Charleston: 348, 046 SC 4,561,242

8. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Opener Study yesterday’s notes for a pop quiz

9. 13.5 Cycling of Matter fossil fuels photosynthesis carbon dioxide dissolved in water decomposition of organisms respiration carbon dioxide in air photosynthesis combustion respiration Carbon is the building block of life. –The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere. –Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. –Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called carbon sinks.

10. 13.5 Cycling of Matter nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground. –Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation. –Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of plants; others live freely in the soil.

11. 13.5 Cycling of Matter –Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into ammonium. nitrogen in atmosphere animals denitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria nitrifying bacteria ammonium ammonification decomposers plant nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots nitrates nitrites –Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate. –Nitrogen moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition.

12. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Definitions Energy pyramid: shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Biomass: a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.

13. 13.5 Cycling of Matter KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem.

14. 13.5 Cycling of Matter energy transferred energy lost An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels. Between each tier of an energy pyramid, up to 90 percent of the energy is lost into the atmosphere as heat. Only 10% of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next.

15. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms. Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area. tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers producers 75 g/m2 150g/m2 675g/m2 2000g/m2 producers 2000g/m2

16. 13.5 Cycling of Matter A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers producers 5 5000 500,000 5,000,000 producers A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.

17. 13.5 Cycling of Matter Homework Pg 423 1-10,13, 15, 17, 18-21, 39