1. APES 11/3 and 11/4 Welcome! Prepare for a warm-up! No, I haven’t graded your tests. Please pick up your graded flipbook and log in to a computer.

2. Cycles of Matter Flipbooks 40 points total 40 points total 7 points per cycle x 5 cycles = 35 7 points per cycle x 5 cycles = 35 Diagram = 2 Diagram = 2 Definitions = 3 Definitions = 3 Important to ecosystems = 1 Important to ecosystems = 1 Human impacts = 1 Human impacts = 1 5 points for neatness/color 5 points for neatness/color

3. Warm-Up 11/4 and 5 Come up with 5 reasons to protect genetic, species, and ecosystem biodiversity. Come up with 5 reasons to protect genetic, species, and ecosystem biodiversity.

4. Biodiversity Defining, Conserving, Measuring

5. * Biodiversity is the number of different species in an ecosystem. *Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere.

6. Ch. 1 Review- 3 types of biodiversity are an important indicator of health Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity (Biomes!)

7. Which is more diverse? A B

8. The Importance of Biodiversity * Aesthetic/Scientific Value: The value of beauty and scientific discovery can’t be measured, but are important *Direct Economic Value: Humans depend on plants and animals for food, clothing, energy, medicine and shelter.

9. The Importance of Biodiversity *Indirect Economic Value: a healthy biosphere provides ecosystem services to humans and other organisms

10. Threats to Biodiversity HIPPCO: Habitat destruction/fragmentation Invasive species Population growth Pollution Climate Change Overexploitation

11. Biodiversity and Extinction Extinction is a normal process Extinction is a normal process (background extinction rate = 1 species per year per 1,000,000 species) (background extinction rate = 1 species per year per 1,000,000 species) Mass Extinction is not normal Mass Extinction is not normal There have been 5 mass extinctions where 50-95% of life on earth was wiped out There have been 5 mass extinctions where 50-95% of life on earth was wiped out We are in a 6 th mass extinction right now We are in a 6 th mass extinction right now Extinction rate is 10,000x the background rate Extinction rate is 10,000x the background rate

12. Extinct Species Extinct species-plants or animals that once lived on Earth that have completely disappeared. Extinct species-plants or animals that once lived on Earth that have completely disappeared. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/anim als/g201/recently-extinct-animals-list-470209/ http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/anim als/g201/recently-extinct-animals-list-470209/

13. Endangered Species Endangered Species- a plant or animal that is in danger of becoming extinct. Endangered Species- a plant or animal that is in danger of becoming extinct. http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ Threatened Species- ok in the short term, but may soon become endangered Threatened Species- ok in the short term, but may soon become endangered

14. Ex: Colony Collapse Disorder Major U.S. farms use European honeybees that are trucked from state to state in their hives Major U.S. farms use European honeybees that are trucked from state to state in their hives 1/3 of global food supply comes from insect- pollinated plants 1/3 of global food supply comes from insect- pollinated plants 80% of pollination done by European honeybees 80% of pollination done by European honeybees

15. Ex: Colony Collapse Disorder Since 2006, 30-50% of honeybee colonies have suffered from CCD Since 2006, 30-50% of honeybee colonies have suffered from CCD Bees leave in the winter and don’t return!  Bees leave in the winter and don’t return!  Why? Habitat loss? Climate change? Cell towers? Diesel fumes? Nobody knows! Why? Habitat loss? Climate change? Cell towers? Diesel fumes? Nobody knows!

16. Biodiversity HotSpots A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. Specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 percent of their original habitat. Specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 percent of their original habitat.

17. Biodiversity Hotspots

18. Protecting Biodiversity 1. International Treaties and National Laws 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) hunting/capturing/selling of threatened/endangered species illegal in 178 countries hunting/capturing/selling of threatened/endangered species illegal in 178 countries Enforced country-to-country Enforced country-to-country

19. Protecting Biodiversity 2. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S.) Identify/monitor/protect endangered and threatened species Identify/monitor/protect endangered and threatened species Most far reaching env. law ever enacted Most far reaching env. law ever enacted Economic consequences/controversy Economic consequences/controversy Northern Spotted Owl protection led to major struggles in the logging industry in the NW

20. Cecil the Lion http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-lion-endangered- idUSKCN0Q62W620150802#sUv36Tl4G6u3FhsB.97 http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-lion-endangered- idUSKCN0Q62W620150802#sUv36Tl4G6u3FhsB.97 http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-lion-endangered- idUSKCN0Q62W620150802#sUv36Tl4G6u3FhsB.97 http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-lion-endangered- idUSKCN0Q62W620150802#sUv36Tl4G6u3FhsB.97 Cecil the Lion was not protected by the U.S. Endangered Species act, but is protected under CITES Cecil the Lion was not protected by the U.S. Endangered Species act, but is protected under CITES The dentist only had to get prior approval to ship his “trophy” home  The dentist only had to get prior approval to ship his “trophy” home 

21. 3. Wildlife Refuges/Protected Areas We have 560 Nat.Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. We have 560 Nat.Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Limited hunting/fishing allowed Limited hunting/fishing allowed Mining/drilling is sometimes allowed Mining/drilling is sometimes allowed VERY poorly funded VERY poorly funded

22. Protecting Biodiversity 4. Prevention and control of invasive species 5. Seed banks, botanical gardens, wildlife farms 6. Zoos/Aquariums (not a great strategy due to loss of genetic diversity from inbreeding)

23. Measuring Biodiversity Using a biodiversity index Scientists use different biodiversity indices depending on the situation We will use the Simpson index to measure biodiversity on a scale of 0-1 (1 = most biodiverse) Takes into account: Species richness- total # species in one area Species evenness- how evenly distributed the species are

24. Species Evenness

25. Simpson’s Index Practice D is the Simpson’s Index n is the total number of organisms of a particular species N is the total number of organisms of all species ∑ means “add up”! D = 1- D = 1- ∑ n(n - 1) N(N - 1)

26. Simpson’s Index Practice D = 1- ∑ n(n - 1) N(N - 1) Species A1211132 Species B326 Species C7642 Species D4312 Species E9872 ∑ n(n - 1)264 n - 1 n(n - 1) n Numerator Pretend you collected the yellow data-

27. Simpson’s Index D = ∑ n(n - 1) N(N - 1) N - 1 = 34 N(N - 1) = 1190 N = total number of all individuals = 35 = 264 N(N - 1) D = 1- 264 1190 = 0.782 This area would score 0.782 on the Simpson’s Index. Therefore, the score for this area indicates a high level of biodiversity.

28. Biodiversity Lab 1. Do the Pre-Lab to practice your Simpson skillz 2. Make your prediction 3. Half your group will collect data and calculation the index # for the student lot 4. The other half will do the faculty lot

29. Upcoming Homework Due Friday: your lab book AND the biodiversity lab Due Friday: your lab book AND the biodiversity lab 4 warm-ups 4 warm-ups Mono Lake FRQ and questions Mono Lake FRQ and questions Climatograms and Venn diagrams Climatograms and Venn diagrams Due Tuesday: your own notes and end of module multiple choice for modules 15, 16, 18, 20 Due Tuesday: your own notes and end of module multiple choice for modules 15, 16, 18, 20