1. Cockroach Biology and Control
Medical Entomology

2. Objective هدف
Relate the biology of cockroaches to the appropriate control measures
Objective:
Relate the biology of cockroaches to the appropriate control measures

3. Overview مرور Characteristics Life Cycle Habits Surveillance
Control Measures
Overview:
Characteristics
Life Cycle
Habits
Surveillance
Control Measures

4. Distribution Very successful group
Virtually unchanged in 400 million years
4,000 species worldwide
Most are tropical
30 species are associated with human habitations
Four species are well known as pests
Can be indirectly transported from one location to another
Very successful group
Virtually unchanged in 400 million years
4,000 species worldwide
Most are tropical
30 species are associated with human habitations
Four species are well known as pests
Commerce has aided their distribution

5. Description General description : Oval body shape
Head hidden from above
Long antennae
Running legs
May or may not have wings
Description
General description :
Oval body shape
Head hidden from above
Long antennae
Running legs
May or may not have wings
Highly adapted to its environment.

6. General Biology and Life Cycle
Gradual metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Number of eggs varies based on species and environment
Life span of 6 months to 2 years
General Biology and Life Cycle:
Gradual metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Number of eggs varies based on species and environment
Life span of 6 months to 2 years

7. Habitat Dark, warm, humid places Cracks and other sheltered places
Nocturnal
Habitat:
Dark, warm, humid places
Cracks and other sheltered places
Nocturnal

8. Food Sources Omnivorous (eats almost anything) Starches and sweets
Animal and vegetable products
Book bindings, wall paper, etc.
Human ear wax, toenails, etc.
Food Sources:
Omnivorous (eats almost anything)
Starches and sweets
Animal and vegetable products
Book bindings, wall paper, etc.
Human ear wax, toenails, etc.

9. Medical Importance
Mechanical disease vector…spreads disease by contact with food or food surfaces
Produce allergens from cast skins and feces
Medical Importance:
Mechanical disease vector…spreads disease by contact with food or food surfaces
Produce allergens from cast skins and feces

10. Cockroach Surveillance
Biggest reason for surveillance is to determine the need for control
Preventive medicine personnel respond to complaints about cockroaches
Preventive medicine personnel also observe for signs of cockroaches during routine inspections of the DFAC, barracks, etc.
Cockroach Surveillance:
Biggest reason for surveillance is to determine the need for control

11. Cockroach Surveillance
Cockroach feces are a sign of infestation
Cockroach Surveillance:
Cockroach feces are a sign of infestation

12. Cockroach Surveillance
You should check food preparation areas at least quarterly
In reality, you will likely do a sticky trap surveillance only when your routine inspections suggest a problem
If cockroaches are found, check sanitation
Apply pesticide only as a last choice
Cockroach Surveillance:
You should check food preparation areas at least quarterly
In reality, you will likely do a sticky trap surveillance only when your routine inspections suggest a problem
If cockroaches are found, check sanitation
Apply pesticide only as a last choice

13. Night Surveillance Night surveillance of facilities
Perform 30 minutes to 1 hour after a facility closes
Use yellow filter on your flashlight
Night Surveillance:
Night surveillance of facilities
Perform 30 min to 1 hr after a facility closes
Use yellow filter on your flashlight

14. Sticky Trap Surveillance
Practical and effective; best overall method
Great for surveying many facilities at once
Sticky Trap Surveillance:
Sticky traps
Practical and effective; best overall method
Great for surveying many facilities at once

15. Sticky Traps
Set traps around food, in potential harborage, watering areas
Use enough traps
At least 10 in a dining facility
Sticky Traps:
Set traps around food, in potential harborage, watering areas
Use enough traps
At least 10 in a dining facility

16. Sticky Traps Put traps out 2-4 days after application of pesticide
Leave out for days
Replace new traps in exact same spot
Sticky Traps:
Put traps out 2-4 days after application of pesticide
Leave out for days
Replace new traps in exact same spot

17. Cockroach Surveillance Thresholds
Two to 8 cockroaches / trap / night: potential problem; insecticide spot treat until trap index goes down
Over 8 cockroaches / trap / night: serious problem; check sanitation, use wide area treatment with insecticide
Also, if nymphs of all sizes and adults are observed, likely indicates serious problem; check sanitation, use wide area treatment with insecticide
Cockroach Surveillance Thresholds:
Two to 8 cockroaches / trap / night: potential problem; insecticide spot treat until trap index goes down
Over 8 cockroaches / trap / night: serious problem; check sanitation, use wide area treatment with insecticide

18. Cockroach Surveillance Thresholds
High populations may indicate:
Poor facility sanitation
Possible insecticide resistance
Cockroach Surveillance Thresholds:
Persistently high populations may indicate:
Poor facility sanitation
Possible insecticide resistance
Change class of insecticide used

19. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
A combination of control techniques to prevent, eliminate, or suppress pests
The objective of IPM is to reduce the reliance on pesticides and keep their use to a minimum
Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
A combination of control techniques to prevent, eliminate, or suppress pests
The objective of IPM is to reduce the reliance on pesticides and keep their use to a minimum

20. IPM Sanitation is most important Exclusion of pests
Harborage elimination
Chemical control
IPM:
Sanitation is most important
Exclusion of pests
Harborage elimination
Chemical control

21. IPM - Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation is the key to cockroach control
Eliminate Sources Of Food: Clean up spilled items & crumbs, remove food wastes and garbage, seal food containers, wash dishes, remove grease build-up on walls and equipment
Eliminate Sources Of Water: They must have water… single most important factor for survival; wipe up spilled liquids, fix plumbing, seal leaks
IPM – Sanitation:
Environmental Sanitation is the key to cockroach control
Eliminate Sources Of Food: Clean up spilled items & crumbs, remove food wastes and garbage, seal food containers, wash dishes, remove grease build-up on walls and equipment
Eliminate Sources Of Water: They must have water… single most important factor for survival; wipe up spilled liquids, fix plumbing, seal leaks

22. IPM - Exclusion
Exclusion: Keep them out of the building; deny access to rooms; prevent entry into kitchens
Keep doors and windows closed
Fix screens / weather stripping on doors / windows
Caulk cracks and crevices to deny access
Use mesh screening for floor drains
IPM – Exclusion:
Exclusion: Keep them out of the building; deny access to rooms; prevent entry into kitchens
Keep doors and windows closed
Fix screens / weather stripping on doors / windows
Caulk cracks and crevices to deny access
Use mesh screening for floor drains

23. IPM - Harborage Elimination
Harborage Elimination: Take away their hiding places and living quarters
Pick up clutter: Bags, boxes, paper, etc.
Clutter is harborage and also helps cockroaches avoid insecticides
Caulk and seal cracks and crevices
Denies them a place to hide and wait
IPM – Harborage Elimination:
Harborage Elimination: Take away their hiding places and living quarters
Pick up clutter: Bags, boxes, paper, etc.
Clutter is harborage and also helps cockroaches avoid insecticides
Caulk and seal cracks and crevices
Denies them a place to hide and wait

24. IPM – Chemical Control Chemical Control (insecticides):
Excellent quick knockdown
Use sanitation, exclusion, and harborage elimination first
Chemical control is always a last choice
IPM – Chemical Control:
Chemical Control (insecticides):
Excellent quick knockdown
Use sanitation, exclusion, and harborage elimination first
Chemical control is always a last resort

25. Pesticide Use Use of chemicals should be a last choice
If you use chemicals:
Use correct chemicals
Apply correctly
In a kitchen, remove food and cover countertops, then sanitize countertops before food service
Pesticide Use:
Use of chemicals should be a last choice
If you use chemicals:
Use correct chemicals
Apply correctly
In a kitchen, remove food and cover countertops, then sanitize countertops before food service

26. Summary Characteristics Life Cycle Habits Surveillance
Control Measures
Summary:
Characteristics
Life Cycle
Habits
Surveillance
Control Measures

27. Questions?
سوالات
Questions?