2. What is an Isotonic Solution? [Water] inside cell = [Water] outside cell Cell is at equilibrium –Molecules are equally distributed in end The amount of water entering the cell = the amount of water leaving the cell 95% water

3. What is a hypotonic solution? A solution that has MORE water, and LESS solute The cell can lyse or burst if left in a hypotonic solution 100% water 95% water

4. What is a hypertonic solution? A solution that has LESS water and MORE solute The cell will dehydrate 90% water 95% water

5. Which direction does water flow? a)Water doesn’t flow at all. b)Water flows from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. c)Water flows from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

6. Lipids Lipids function in: –Energy (E) storage, –forming cell membranes, –and as chemical messengers (e.g., hormones) Nonpolar (hydrophobic) Made up mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen (with a few Oxygen)

7. Lipids 1.Fats (Triglycerides) –G–Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids –S–Saturated = No Double Bonds (solid) –U–Unsaturated = Double Bonds (liquid) OH Ester Bonds

8. Lipids 2.Phospholipids –G–Glycerol with Phosphate Head + 2 Fatty Acid Chains –A–Amphiphilic (“Both” “lover”) Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail –F–Forms 2 layers in water –M–Makes up cell membranes Organic Compounds: Lipids: Phospholipids Phosphate Glycerol Fatty Acids

9. Egg lab Dissolve egg shells Rinse Calculate initial mass

10. The plasma/cell membrane is selectively permeable ~only certain substances are allowed to pass through

11. What can and can not pass through the membrane? CAN PASS THROUGH Things that can dissolve in fat Small molecules Water CAN NOT PASS THROUGH 1.Things that can dissolve in water 2.Large molecules 3.Ions: Molecules with plus (+) or minus (-) charges CH 2 OH OH

12. No energy is used [High]  [Low] (it’s the natural flow) This means it goes down a concentration gradient There are three types…

13. 3 types of Passive Transport 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Diffusion

14. Diffusion [High]  [Low]

15. Osmosis

16. Facilitated Diffusion + CH 2 OH OH Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion

17. Energy is used [Low]  [High] This means it goes up or against a concentration gradient There are three types…

18. 3 Examples of Active Transport 1. Protein pumps 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis

19. Protein Pumps store Protein Pumps: proteins use energy to pull or pump materials into or out of the cell to stockpile or store substances the cell needs

20. Endocytosis When cells engulf particles into the cell 2 types 1.Phagocytosis: When a cell wraps part of its membrane around a large particle forming a “pocket” or vesicle 2.Pinocytosis: The same process, but with smaller particles or liquids

21. Exocytosis 1.A vesicle carrying a substance 2.fuses with the cell membrane 3.and releases the substance