1. Herbivore-pollinator interactions in wild Solanum Rayko Halitschke and Andre Kessler SIP 15, Neuchatel August 17-22, 2014

2. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Strauss & Armbruster 1997. Ecology 78:1617-1618

3. -Do plant responses to herbivory compromise interactions with mutualists (pollinators)? -Is the effect dependent on the plant mating system? -Do these responses result in selection for certain combinations of plant defense and pollination strategies?

4. -Mechanism of herbivore-induced pollination limitation in wild tomatoes: Solanum chmielewskii and Solanum neorickii

5. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Facultative allogamous autogamous Solanum chmielewskii & Solanum neorickii

6. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Solanum chmielewskiiSolanum neorickii Herbivory reduces seed set in S. chmielewskii

7. Solanum chmielewskii & Solanum neorickii Herbivory-induced pollination limitation in S.chmielewskii Xylocopa sp. *

8. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Species-specific floral volatile emissions

9. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Species-specific floral volatile emissions Solanum chmielewskii Solanum neorickii IS Ion intensity [kcounts] methyl isoeugenol

10. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Herbivore-induced volatile emissions - Herbivore damage and MeJA application induced mostly monoterpene emission (strong  -myrcene) from vegetative tissue in both species. - Methyl isoeugenol emissions of S. chmielewskii flowers is reduced in damaged plants.

11. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Scent manipulation S. chmielewskii - lanolin (control) - myrcene S. neorickii - lanolin (control) - methyl isoeugenol - methyl isoeugenol + myrcene

12. Volatile cues for pollinators lanolin methyl isoeugenol myrcene- S. neorickii lanolin myrcene S. chmielewskii

13. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Solanum neorickii Induced changes in pollen chemistry Solanum chmielewskii (*)(*) * * **

14. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Summary Defense vs Pollination Strategy -Herbivory induces changes in volatile emissions from vegetative tissue in both species (indirect defense). -Anther cone secondary chemistry and floral VOC emissions change in S. chmielewskii (outcrossing). -Pollinators use species-specific and herbivory-induced floral and vegetative VOC emissions as cues. -Induced changes in VOC emissions reduce pollinator attraction and fruit set in S.chmielewskii.

15. Conclusion -Induced responses can result in a trade-off between plant resistance to herbivores and pollinator attraction. -The fitness consequences of the response/ trade-off is highly dependent on the plant mating system. -Plant mating system/pollination strategy should have a strong impact on defense strategy(and vice versa).

16. Acknowledgements Andre Kessler Katja Poveda Collaborations in Perú Museo de Historia Natural, Lima Asuncion Cano Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) Financial Support National Science Foundation

18. Rayko Halitschke PennState University Dec. 12, 2008 Pollinators use induced floral VOC emission F= 7.965, P< 0.0001