1. 4 Lesson 4.1: Bone as a Living Tissue Lesson 4.2: The Axial Skeleton Lesson 4.3: The Appendicular Skeleton Lesson 4.4: Joints Lesson 4.5: Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System The Skeletal System

2. Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. functions of the skeletal system structures and classifications of bones growth and development of bones remodeling of bones 15% BW Bone as a Living Tissue

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. support –body framework protection –surround organs movement –muscles pull bones storage –Minerals ( Ca, P) blood cell formation = Hematopoiesis –red bone marrow in medullary cavity ( flat and short bones, vertebrae and long bone ends) –Yellow cavity stores fat Functions of the Skeletal System

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. composition of bones –osteocytes – mature bone cells organization of bones –Cortical= dense –Trabecular=honeycomb Adds lightness Birds –Most bones have both Outer layer- cortical Inside Trabecular –Long bones and vertebrae Structures and Classifications of Bones

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Long –Cylindrical with bulbs –trabecular bone inside –Cortical outside –Hollow medullary canal Arms and legs Short –Cube shaped –Mostly trabecular wrists and ankles Shape Categories of Bones

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Flat –Thin, elongated –Curved –Two thin layers of cortical Small amount of trabecular –Protection and attachment Skull, ribs, sternum Irregular –Don’t fit in a category –Shape based on function Vertebrae and pelvis Shape Categories of Bones

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Anatomical Structure of Long Bones Made of three parts Periosteum Fibrous CT Contains vessels, lymph and nerves Involved in growth, repair and nutrition Diaphysis- cortical bone shaft Surrounded by periosteum Contains hollow medullary canal All begins as yellow marrow Lined by CT called endosteum Epiphysis- ends of long bones Mostly trabecular bone and red marrow Hematopoiesis =blood cell formation Covered by articular cartilage

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Anatomical Structure of Bones Bone nourishment Passageways through the mineralized bone Canaliculi Across Haversian Canals Lengthwise Connected by Volkmann’s or perforating canals Contain Lacunae Cavities in the bone In Lamella (“tree trunks”) Where the osteocytes are located Osteons Each Canal and parts

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. osteoblasts –build bone tissue osteoclasts –break down bone tissue bone formation –Modeling- Building new bone tissue Usually from hyaline cartilage (in vitro) –Ossification Matrix covers cartilage, clasts resorb to form medullary cavities Balanced in healthy adults Growth and Development of Bones

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. longitudinal growth –epiphyseal plate- location of growth during childhood –Ends when plates dissolve and bone fuses circumferential growth –change in diameter- all throughout life Blasts build from the periosteum Clasts resorb from the endosteum Lifelong process= SLOW adult bone development –aging causes loss of bone mass, collagen (elasticity) –Increased risk of fractures –25-28W, 30-35M smaller bones=more density issues Growth and Development of Bones

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Remodeling –Blast/clast activity –Result of forces –Converts forces into changes in density, size or shape hypertrophy of bones –stronger bones + increased density –Large forces, usually at attachment sites –Active lifestyles or heavier/ High impact atrophy of bones –weaker bones –Reduced forces (swimmers and astronauts?) Remodeling of Bones

15. Lesson 4.2 The Axial Skeleton Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the skull the vertebral column the thoracic cage The Axial Skeleton

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Axial Skeleton

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the cranium –surround the brain –Protects (mostly) the facial bones –protect the front of the head –Produce face shape –Protect and orient eyes –Mastication The Skull

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Joined by interlocking, immovable joints (Sutures) Sutures allow tiny amounts of movement Babies are different. Why? –Big heads (1/8 v 1/4) –Fontanels –Soft sutures Birth trauma and brain development 22-24M The Cranium

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. maxillary bones (2) –Upper jaw palatine bones (2) –Hard palate zygomatic bones (2) –Cheeks/eye sockets lacrimal bones (2) –Eyes and tears nasal bones (2) –nose vomer –Nasal septum inferior concha bones (2) –Sides of nasal cavity mandible –Lower jaw. Only mover The Cranial Bones and Facial Bones frontal bone Forehead parietal bones (2) Top/sides of skull Temporal bones (2) Surround ears occipital bones (2) Back of head ethmoid bone Nasal septum sphenoid bone Base of brain/eyes

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Cranial and Facial Bones

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 33 bones regions of the spine –Cervical (7) Atlas and axis, yes and no –Thoracic (12) –Lumbar (5) –Sacrum ( –coccyx curves of the spine –cervical curve –thoracic curve –lumbar curve –sacral curve The Vertebral Column

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the vertebral body the vertebral arch the transverse processes the spinous process the superior and inferior articular processes Structures of the Vertebrae

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Structures of the Vertebrae

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. lordosis kyphosis scoliosis Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. located between vertebrae shock absorbers allow flexibility The Intervertebral Discs

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sternum –manubrium –body of the sternum –xiphoid process ribs –true ribs –false ribs –floating ribs The Thoracic Cage

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. True or False? 1. All ribs are true ribs. 2. The facial bones surround the brain. 3. The sphenoid bone is part of the cranium. 4. There are 4 regions in the spine. 5. Intervertebral discs allow spinal flexibility. Review and Assessment

29. Lesson 4.3 The Appendicular Skeleton Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the shoulder complex –scapula –clavicle the arm –humerus –radius –ulna The Upper Extremity

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the wrist and hand –carpals (8) –metacarpals (5) –phalanges (14) The Upper Extremity

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the pelvic girdle –ilium –ischium –pubis the leg –femur –tibia –fibula –patella The Lower Extremity

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the ankle and foot –tarsals (7) –metatarsals (5) –phalanges (14) The Lower Extremity

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Fill in the blanks with: foot, shoulder complex, humerus, or pelvic girdle. 1. The proximal bone of the arm is the _______________. 2. The tarsals are found in the _______________. 3. The scapula and clavicle make up the _______________. 4. The ilium is part of the _______________. Review and Assessment

35. Lesson 4.4 Joints Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. immovable joints –synarthroses slightly movable joints –amphiarthroses freely movable joints –diarthroses Categories of Joints

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sutures –skull syndesmoses –coracoacromial joint –distal tibiofibular joint Immovable Joints

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. synchondroses –sternocostal joint –epiphyseal plates symphyses –vertebral joints –pubic symphysis Slightly Movable Joints

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Freely Movable Joints

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. bursae tendon sheaths articular tissues –articular fibrocartilage –tendons –ligaments Freely Movable Joint Structures

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1–4 below: skull, diarthroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses. 1. immovable joint 2. slightly movable joint 3. freely movable joint 4. sutures Review and Assessment

42. Lesson 4.5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. common bone injuries osteoporosis common joint injuries arthritis Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. greenstick stress comminuted spiral Fractures

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. epiphyseal plate articular cartilage apophysis Epiphyseal Injuries

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. low strength bones easily break age-related osteoporosis the female athlete triad –disordered eating –amenorrhea –osteoporosis Osteoporosis

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sprains –torn ligament or tendon dislocations –bone displaced from socket bursitis –inflammation of bursae Common Joint Injuries

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. rheumatoid arthritis –immune system attacks joints osteoarthritis –degeneration of articular cartilage Arthritis

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. True or False? 1. A torn ligament causes a sprain. 2. Low strength bones easily break. 3. Immune system attack causes amenorrhea. 4. Greenstick is a type of fracture. 5. Bursitis is an inflammation of bursae. Review and Assessment