1. MOLECULAR GENETICS REVIEW

2. 1. DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next DeoxyriboNucleicAcid

3. 2. DNA stores and transmits genetic information

4. 3. DNA’s structure/shape is a double helix. (spiral stair case) Consists of nucleotides joined together by hydrogen bonds.

5. 4. nucleotides

6. 5. There are 3 parts of a nucleotide: 1. 5 carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen base

7. 6. Watson and Crick

8. 7. Chargaff is the scientist who discovered that the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine & the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. In DNA, Adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine. Purines always bond to pyrimidines in DNA & RNA

9. 8. Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine (they 2 with “Y” are pyrimidines) A purine always bonds with a pyrimidine (A-T and C-G)

10. 9. hydrogen bonds connect nitrogenous bases. Peptide bonds connect amino acids

11. 10. What is the complimentary DNA strand to: A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A

12. 11. Trascription-DNA-mRNA Transcribe the DNA strand below to mRNA: A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A

13. 12. Translation-mRNA to amino acids (you must use the chart)!!! DNA Strand: A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A mRNA Srand: : amino Acids:

14. 13. DNA Helicase: breaks the hydrogen bond-creates the replication fork DNA Polymerase: starts the addition of the new nucleotides to the new DNA strand DNA ligase: links the pieces together into a single DNA strand

15. 14. A codon is 3 base pairs (mRNA) that code for an amino acid.

16. 15. Rosalind Franklin

17. 16. DNA: nucleus mRNA: nucleus tRNA: cytoplasm rRNA: ribosome

18. 17. DNA-mRNA

19. 18. Translation: mRNA-protien

20. 19. DNA-DNA

21. 20. RNA contains working instructions for the cell. Ribonucleicacid

22. 21. works with DNA to help code for amino acids to make proteins.

23. 22.

24. 23. DNA: A-T and C-G RNA: A-U and C-G

25. 24.

26. 25. mRNA - (messenger) – complementary to Dna – carries message from DNA to direct protein synthesis (codon) rRNA – (ribosomal) – associates with protein to form ribosomes tRNA – (transfer) – transports amino acids to ribosomes – acts as a translator by picking up the appropriate amino acids & recognizing the appropriate codons in mRNA (like a concierge) – has anticodon site & amino acid

27. 26. one codon (made of 3 bases) codes for one/each amino acid.

28. 27. see chart

29. 28. specific traits (proteins)

30. 29. genes

31. 30. Hox genes – (homeobox genes) – lay out the general body plan of the organism – code for transcription factors that determine what body part goes where

32. 31. Mutagens are environmental agents that cause mutations. Examples include radiation, UV light, & chemicals. Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents.

33. 32. Changes in the organism’s hereditary information are known as mutations. Not all mutations are bad – some may lead to positive changes.

34. 33. Computer Activity Today

35. 34. /35. There are 3 types of these: 1. _Substitutions - replace 1 nucleotide with another 2. Insertions or deletions - 1 or more nucleotides are added or deleted 3. Duplication - duplicates sequence over & over (responsible for several disorders) Examples on board