4. Two important terms  Fitness ◦ Survival and reproduction  Adaptation ◦ A relative increase in fitness

5. What it is and What is NOT

6. A. True B. False

7. A. True B. False

16. A. True B. False

19.  Increase in complexity, organization or specialization may occur  No specific end goal in mind, however  There is no trend toward more advanced forms, could just as easily go in reverse (oscillating selection).

20.  The following claim is often made:  “Of course individuals with favorable variations are the ones that survive and reproduce because the theory defines favorable as the ability to survive and reproduce.”  What is wrong with this argument?

21. A. True B. False

23.  Where does variation come from?  How are traits inherited from parents?

25. Mayr article discussion

26. A. Geneticists B. Naturalists Studied biodiversity and origin of new taxa Macroevlolution Properties in individuals are objects of selection Speciation is a gradual accumulation of changes

28.  Genetics ◦ Based on small changes within populations ◦ Microevolution ◦ Gene is the object of selection ◦ Mutations lead to saltational speciation  Naturalists ◦ Studied biodiversity and origin of new taxa ◦ Macroevlolution ◦ Properties in individuals are objects of selection ◦ Speciation is a gradual accumulation of changes

30.  First what was well accepted? ◦ Change in organisms occurs over time ◦ The branching theory implying common descent  What had difficulty being accepted? ◦ That evolution was a gradual process ◦ That species multiplied (increase in diversity) ◦ That natural selection was the means

32.  Scientists worked in isolation in different countries. Beliefs in each country were dictated by the most powerful scientists.  Scientists in different branches of biology had different prevailing ideas  Each group thought that the other group had no flexibility in their beliefs.

34.  Geneticists ◦ Worked in labs and studied the processes in single populations ◦ Only examined changes within a population- microevolution ◦ Believed each mutation led to a new species ◦ Believed speciation was saltational ◦ Gene is the object of selection

35.  Developed mutation theory  Any new variation caused by mutation was actually a new species  Emphasized random genetic variation (no guidance by selection)  Speciation abrupt and spontaneous

36. ◦ Studied biodiversity and the origin of new species and higher taxa - macroevolution ◦ Changes occur gradually as Darwin said ◦ Individual is object of selection not the gene ◦ New species are formed by geographic isolation

37. A. Naturalist B. Geneticist

39.  Geneticists also called mutationists ◦ William Bateson and Hugo DeVries ◦ Other geneticists who also believed evolution was gradual were not as well known to naturalists.  Edward East and Sergei Chetverikov.

40. ◦ Moritz Wagner ◦ Karl Jordan ◦ Edward Poulton ◦ Sergei Chetverikov ◦ Erwin Stresemann ◦ Ernst Mayr and ◦ Julian Huxley

42. A. Thomas Hunt Morgan B. Theodosius Dobzhansky C. Ledyard Stebbins D. Ernst Mayr E. R. A. Fisher

44.  Thomas Hunt Morgan – his research was a key factor in the synthesis ◦ He showed (working with Drosophila) that  mutations occurred in every generation and  that the resulting populations were reproductively isolated and were not new species.  Mutations simply increased the variability of a population.  Theodosius Dobzhansky – was a naturalist in Russia, came to US and worked in Morgan’s lab ◦ He saw how they were complimentary to each other.  Mutations provide the new alleles that increases variation in populations. ◦ Geographically separated populations can then respond to different environments  gradually, become separate species.  Over more time new higher taxa can emerge.

46.  Selection acts on individuals but has its effects in populations.

48.  Population genetics and microevolution. ◦ R.A. Fisher – mathematician showed variability in populations could be explained using Mendel’s laws  Genetical Theory of Natural Selection  Believed selection was favored in large populations because variability remains high due to mutation and genetic recombination  Selection acts uniformly and slowly ◦ J.B.S. Haldane  Same basic understanding as Fisher but he emphasized the use of practical examples for his models ( e.g industrial melanism and moths) Sewall Wright  Mathematical techniques to show that evolution could proceed in isolated groups  Developed the ideas of genetic drift. (based on the work of William Castle)

49.  John Maynard Smith ◦ Extended the Darwinian theory to explanation of animal behavior  Ledyard Stebbins – ◦ did for plant evolution what Dobzhansky with his fruit flies had done for animal evolution  George Gaylord Simpson ◦ Reinterpreted the fossil record ◦ Major responsibility for paleontologists embracing Darwin's ideas.

52. Showing the same trend only in opposite direction

53. 1. Direct Observation of Change Through Time

55. Anatomical

56. 2. Evidence from vestigial structures

58. Embryonic or developmental

59. Embryonic Vestigial structures

60. Vestigial Genes

61.  Gene for CMAH enzyme (processes a sugar found on surface of chimp cells) ◦ DNA sequence for the gene is found in both humans and chimps ◦ However the gene is disabled in humans by a deletion  Causes a different biochemical signature on the surfaces of human and chimp cells.  Gene in humans is leftover from a common ancestor that humans share with chimps  Evidence against a separate origin for humans.

63.  A test for interpretation of vestigial molecular traits  Can anyone relate this story on page 43?  Heavy plating in marine  Light plating in fresh water  Cresko and colleagues identified that most of the control for this trait was due to 2 Mendelian-inherited genes  Predicted rapid evolution from marine to fresh water form  This was later demonstrated by the experiments of Michael Bell

67. Extinct Species

68. 1. Extinct species The fossil record provides many examples of species that once lived on the earth but are now extinct. Irish Elk

69. Law of Succession

70. 2. The Law of Succession Armadillo Wombat Glyptodont Diptotodon Connection made by Richard Owen Connection made by Charles Darwin

71. Transitional sequences

72. 3. Transitional Fossils Discovered about 1860 Discovered about 1997

73. More feathered dinosaurs discovered in the late 1990s

76. Another of Darwin’s premises

78. Ring Species

79. 1. Ring Species Siberian Greenish Warbler Pg. 53

80. Homology

82. 2. Homology from 3 areas Structural Homology

84. Developmental Homology

86. 1. Genetic Code is identical in essentially all species 2. Shared flaws in genetic makeup 3. Psuedogenes (CMAH in humans)

87. Page 57 Shared genetic flaws found in Chimps and Bonobos but not ion Gorillas and Orangutans also Flaw leads to mistakes

88. Pseudogenes (Pg 58) shared among species Age of pseudogenes is determined by the number of mutations they contain.

91. Relationships among species

92. Discussed on Page 60

94. 1. Principle of Uniformitarianism 2. Geologic time scale\ 1.Younger rocks on top of older ones 2.Originally in horizontal position 3.Rocks that intrude into seams are younger 4.Boulders, cobbles are older than the host rock 5.Earlier fossil life forms are simpler, more recent are most similar to extant forms. 3. Radiometric dating 4. Dating the earth’s actual age from its molten state.