1. Atoms in Combination: The Chemical Bond Chapter 10 Great Idea: Atoms bind together in chemical reactions by the rearrangement of electrons

2. Chapter Outline Our Material World Electron Shells, the Periodic Table, and Chemical Bonds Types of Chemical Bonds States of Matter Chemical Reactions and the Formation of Chemical Bonds

3. Our Material World What have you thrown out? Recycling Biodegradable materials Chemical bond

4. Electron Shells, the Periodic Table, and Chemical Bonds

5. Chemical Bond –Valence electrons Stable configuration –To fill outer shell Give electrons Accept electrons Share electrons

6. Types of Chemical Bonds

7. Ionic Bonds Bond of electrostatic attraction –Donate or accept electron(s) Example: Na and Cl Fiery reaction results in stable crystal

8. Metallic Bonds Share electrons Characteristics –Shiny, conduct electricity, malleable

9. Covalent Bonds Share electrons –Molecules share

10. Covalent Bonds Carbon –Single bond, double bond

11. Polarization and Hydrogen Bonds Polar molecules Hydrogen Bond –Weak bond

12. Van der Waals Forces Weak bonds between molecules Example: –Clay –Stack of paper

13. States of Matter

14. –Gas –Liquid –Solid –Plasma

15. Gases, Plasma, and Liquids Gas –No volume or shape –Expands to fill container Plasma –Positive nuclei in sea of electrons –Properties Liquids –Fixed volume, no shape –Surface tension

16. Solids –Fixed shape and volume Crystals –Regular repeating sequence Glasses –No predictable arrangment Polymers –Chains of molecules –Plastics

17. Changes of State Transitions –Freezing, melting –Boiling, condensation –sublimation No temperature change during phase change

18. Chemical Reactions and the Formation of Chemical Bonds

19. Chemical reactions –Interaction of molecules –Reactants  products –Reactants must balance Example –2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O

20. Chemical Reactions and Energy: Rolling Down the Chemical Hill Energy of an electron –Kinetic and potential Energy changes with bonding –Exothermic –Endothermic

21. Common Chemical Reactions Oxidation –Transfer electrons Reduction –Accepts electrons Precipitation-Solution Reactions Acid-Base Reactions –Acid produces H + –Base produces OH - –pH scale

22. Common Chemical Reactions cont. Polymerization Condensation Reaction

23. Common Chemical Reactions cont. Polymerization Addition Polymerization

24. Depolymerization Forms of Polymers Common Chemical Reactions cont.

25. Building Molecules: The Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons –Composed of H and C atoms –Chain length –Isomers