1. Ecology

2. –the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment Ecology Nutrition & Energy

3. What are biotic and abiotic factors? Give examples of each. Essential Question Ecology Nutrition & Energy

4. Aspects of Ecological Study Biotic –all the living aspects of an ecosystem –examples: plants, animals, decomposers Ecology Nutrition & Energy List all Biotic elements of this scene

5. Aspects of Ecological Study Abiotic –nonliving parts of an ecosystem –examples: sun. light, temperature. soil Ecology Nutrition & Energy List all Abiotic elements of this scene

6. Levels or Organization: –chemical –cell –tissue –organs –organ systems Ecology Nutrition & Energy What comes after Organ System?

7. Levels or Organization: Organisms –species- group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring Population –group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time Ecology Nutrition & Energy

8. Levels or Organization: Communities –different populations that live together in a defined area Ecosystem –collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their abiotic or physical surroundings Ecology Nutrition & Energy

9. Levels or Organization: Biomes –group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. Biosphere –portion of the earth that supports life –extends above the Earth to the bottom of the ocean Ecology Nutrition & Energy

10. Levels or Organization: What comes after Organ System? –organism –population –community –ecosystem –biome –biosphere Ecology Nutrition & Energy

11. Stop and Define the Following Words Biotic Abiotic Organism Population Communities Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

12. Ticket Out the Door List the levels of organization from least to greatest in the proper order

13. Organisms in Ecosystem Habitat- is the place where an organism lives out its life Niche- is the role and position a species has in it environment Ecology Nutrition & Energy

14. Symbiotic relationships –the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species Ecology Nutrition & Energy

15. Symbiotic relationships –the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species Commensalism +/o –symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed not benefited Ecology Nutrition & Energy

16. Symbiotic relationships Mutualism +/+ –symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit Parasitism +/- –symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed. Ecology Nutrition & Energy

17. Ecology Community Interactions –Competition -/- occurs when organisms of the same or different species compete for something. (mate, food, water, light, etc...) –Predation +/- An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. –Predator –Prey Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

18. Name One Example of Each Type of Relationship Work with elbow partner Be ready to share with the class Make sure to think of one example for each of the types of relationships –Commensalism –Mutualism –Parasitism –Competition –Predation

19. Ecology Community Interactions –Competition -/- Interspecific competition –Competition among organisms of different species –ex: food, space, shelter Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

20. Ecology Community Interactions –Competition -/- Intraspecific competition –Between members of the same species Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

21. Ecology Community Interactions –Predation +/- Population curve of predator mirrors that of the prey Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

22. Ecology Community Interactions –Predation +/- Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

23. Warm-Up Explain how energy flows throughout an exocosystem.

24. Energy Flow Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth –Photosynthesis process of organism to convert light energy into carbohydrates –ex: plants, some bacteria & protists –Chemosynthesis when organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates. –ex: bacteria in places like ocean vents, hot springs, deep-ocean floors. Ecology Nutrition & Energy

25. Energy Flow Heterotrophs –organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply –also called consumers Autotroph –organisms which capture energy from sunlight or from chemical compounds to make own energy –also called producers Ecology Nutrition & Energy

26. Energy Flow types of consumers (heterotrophs): –Herbivores- eat producers Ex: –Carnivores- eat consumers Ex: –Omnivores- eat both consumers and producers Ex: –Decomposers- break down organic matter Ex: Ecology Nutrition & Energy

27. Energy Flow Feeding Relationships: –Food chain a food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten. –Food Web: links all the food chains in an ecosystem. It is the feeding relationships among various organisms. Ecology Nutrition & Energy

28. Energy Flow Feeding Relationships: –Food chain Ecology Nutrition & Energy Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer

29. Energy Flow Trophic levels: –each step in a food chain or food web –PARTS: 1. producer/ decomposers 2. first order consumer (herbivore) 3. second order consumer (carnivore) 4. third order consumer Ecology Nutrition & Energy

30. Energy Flow Feeding Relationships: –Food Web: Ecology Nutrition & Energy

31. Energy Flow Feeding Relationships: –Food Web: Ecology Nutrition & Energy

32. Energy Flow Feeding Relationships: –Food Web: Ecology Nutrition & Energy

33. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Energy pyramid –Biomass pyramid –Pyramid of numbers Ecology Nutrition & Energy

34. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Energy in food webs 1. When first order consumers feed on producer, the energy in the producer becomes available to the consumer. 2 Not all the energy is passed on some is used in life activities; some leaves the body in wastes. 3. Energy is “lost” at each level 4. The longer the food chain the less energy the top of the food chain gets. Ecology Nutrition & Energy

35. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Energy in food webs Ecology Nutrition & Energy SI for energy J = joules

36. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Energy in food webs Where does the energy go? Ecology Nutrition & Energy

37. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Biomass in food webs 1. it is the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level 2. shows the amount of food available in each trophic level 3. measured in grams. Ecology Nutrition & Energy

38. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Biomass in food webs Ecology Nutrition & Energy

39. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Numbers in food webs Based on the number of organisms at each level –ex: small number of grasshoppers is accountable for eating a large amount of grass –(inverted) ex: large number of pine beetles can live in each pine tree. Ecology Nutrition & Energy

40. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Numbers in food webs Ecology Nutrition & Energy

41. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Biomass in food webs Ecology Nutrition & Energy 12,482,904 g 875,395 g 15,357 g

42. Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids: –Numbers in food webs Ecology Nutrition & Energy 11,357 430 27 1

43. Think About It When you were younger, what types of things did you and your siblings or you and your friends fight over? Why did you fight over these things?

44. Ecology Populations –Population growth Limiting factor –Slows growth rate of population –Ex: predators, food, territory Biotic potential –Highest rate of reproduction possible Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

45. Ecology Populations –Population density The number of organisms per certain area Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Population density = Total Population Area observed Population density = = 88 rabbits 3 km 2 29.33 rabbits/ km2

46. Essential Question Ecology Ecosystems and the Community What are density dependent and density independent factors? Give an example of each.

47. Ecology Populations Density dependent –Factor that relies on the number of organisms in a given area –Ex: disease, predation, natural disasters, size of territory Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

48. Ecology Populations Density independent –Factor not determined by population density –Ex: temperature, light Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

49. Ecology Populations –Growth Population size –Counts how many Population growth –Shows a change in size +/- Birth rate –Number born Death rate –Number that die Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

50. Ecology Populations –Growth Carrying capacity –Greatest number of individuals in a populations the environment can hold at that point in time Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

51. Ecology Populations –Growth Growth curve –Shows how fast a population can grow Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

52. Ecology Populations –Growth Growth curve – S shaped curve (population growth) –Shows population growing with limiting factors

53. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Populations –Growth Growth curve – J shaped –Shows population growing without limiting factors

54. Ecology Populations –Human population Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

55. Essential Question What are the different steps of the carbon and water cycles, and where do these steps occur in nature? Ecology Nutrition & Energy

56. Recycling Water cycle Oxygen/Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

57. Recycling Water cycle essential to life amount on Earth stays constant Sun provides energy that drives cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

58. Recycling Water cycle –Evaporation –removal of water from land Ecology Nutrition & Energy as water vapor cools in atmosphere, it condenses and forms tiny droplets in clouds that return water to Earth heat from Sun evaporates water from oceans, lakes, streams, ponds, etc

59. Recycling Water cycle –Precipitation –rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc. water returns to lakes, oceans, streams, etc or is absorbed by soil – used by plants Ecology Nutrition & Energy

60. Recycling Water cycle –Transpiration –water being released from plants Ecology Nutrition & Energy plants take in ground water, release water though leaves

61. Recycling Water cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

62. Recycling Water cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

63. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle carbon is necessary for life anything “organic” contains carbon carbon found in proteins, fats, carbohydrates Ecology Nutrition & Energy

64. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle –Photosynthesis –Stored in plants –Stored in animals –Respiration –Decomposers –Fossil fuel –Combustion –Atmosphere (carbon dioxide reservoir) Ecology Nutrition & Energy

65. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle –Photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide and release oxygen –Stored in plants carbon from photosynthesis is stored in the body of plant Ecology Nutrition & Energy

66. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle –Stored in animals consumers eat producers to obtain carbon –Respiration food broken down and carbon released into atmosphere Ecology Nutrition & Energy

67. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle –Decomposers decompose dead organisms and release carbon dioxide to atmosphere Ecology Nutrition & Energy Fossil fuel coal, oil, natural gas trapped carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago and were trapped underground

68. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle –Combustion fossil fuel burned to release carbon dioxide into atmosphere –Atmosphere (carbon dioxide reservoir) holds carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion releases carbon to photosynthesis Ecology Nutrition & Energy

69. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

70. Recycling Oxygen/Carbon cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

71. Recycling Phosphorus cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy mostly on land in soil & minerals and in ocean sediments forms DNA & RNA does NOT enter atmosphere exists as inorganic phosphate

72. Recycling Phosphorus cycle –rocks (on land) –marine producers –sediments –soil –plants –animals Ecology Nutrition & Energy

73. Recycling Phosphorus cycle –rocks (on land) worn down to release phosphate into rivers then the ocean Ecology Nutrition & Energy –soil also released into rivers also released into rivers absorbed by plants

74. Recycling Phosphorus cycle –marine producers take in phosphates in from river eaten by marine consumer –sediments marine organisms die to release phosphates into marine sediments Ecology Nutrition & Energy

75. Recycling Phosphorus cycle –plants Absorb phosphates from soil to make organic compounds Ecology Nutrition & Energy Death or organisms releases phosphates into soil and sediment – animals Consume plants to take in organic compounds

76. Recycling Phosphorus cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

77. Recycling Phosphorus cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

78. Recycling Nitrogen cycle building block for protein and DNA N2 gas makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere gas can only be used by nitrogen-fixing bacteria atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to useable form Ecology Nutrition & Energy

79. Recycling Nitrogen cycle –ammoniafication Ecology Nutrition & Energy bacteria produce ammonia or ammonium from nitrates

80. Recycling Nitrogen cycle –nitrification Ecology Nutrition & Energy bacteria convert nitrites into nitrates (useable by plants)

81. Recycling Nitrogen cycle –fixation Ecology Nutrition & Energy bacteria in soil convert N 2 gas from atmosphere to nitrates lightning converts N 2 into nitrates in air

82. Recycling Nitrogen cycle –denitrification Ecology Nutrition & Energy bacteria in soil convert nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen

83. Recycling Nitrogen cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

84. Recycling Nitrogen cycle Ecology Nutrition & Energy

85. Essential Question Ecology Ecosystems and the Community What is Succession? Where might you find it happening?

86. Ecology Ecological Succession predictable changes that occurs in a community over time. –Primary succession succession that begins in areas in which there is not life or soil (from scratch) Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

87. Ecology Ecological Succession –Primary succession Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Does Primary Succession happen here?

88. Ecology Ecological Succession –Secondary succession natural disaster or human makes changes- (not from scratch.... earthquake, tornado, fire...) Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Forrest Fire Tornado

89. Ecology Ecological Succession Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

90. Ecology Ecological Succession –Stages of Succession Pioneer Stage (1 st Stage) –Lichens, decomposers, moss, ferns, grass, shrubs, animals.....etc.............. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

91. Ecology Ecological Succession –Stages of Succession Climax community –dominant organisms maintain control over ecosystem. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community N. Georgia Climax Community: Oak, Hickory Forrest

92. Ecology Ecological Succession –Stages of Succession Climax community –Pond climax –Land fills in pond Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

93. Ecology Ecological Succession –Stages of Succession Climax community –Pond climax Ecology Ecosystems and the Community

94. Ecology Biomes –Tropical Rain Forest –Savanna –Desert –Temperate Grassland –Temperate Deciduous Forest –Taiga –Tundra

95. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes

96. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes –Tropical Rain Forest

97. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes –Savanna

98. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes –Desert

99. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes –Temperate Grassland

100. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes –Temperate Deciduous Forest

101. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes –Taiga Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest

102. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes –Tundra

103. Ecology Ecosystems and the Community Ecology Biomes