1. AI in Knowledge Management Professor Robin Burke CSC 594

2. Outline Introduction to the class Overview Knowledge management AI Case-based reasoning

3. Objectives Content Explore AI applications in knowledge management specifically case-based reasoning Skills Reading research literature Building an informal knowledge base

4. Course design Seminar format student presentations in-class exercises Attendance VERY IMPORTANT! Reading VERY IMPORTANT!

5. Reading Two main readings each week case study research article Admission ticket 1-2 page reaction paper what did you find interesting? a discussion question

6. Assessment Presentations – 40% two presentations / student 1 case study 1 research paper Participation – 50% course librarian discussion Final Project – 10% more later

7. Typical class session Case study 30 min. presentation 15 min. discussion Research paper 30 min. presentation 15 min. questions Librarian’s reports Group exercise

8. Artificial intelligence The subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference by computer and symbolic knowledge representation for use in making inferences. AI can be seen as an attempt to model aspects of human thought on computers. It is also sometimes defined as trying to solve by computer any problem that a human can solve faster. -- FOLDOC

9. Knowledge management Knowledge management involves the acquisition, storage, retrieval, application, generation and review of the knowledge assets of an organization in a controlled way. -- I. Watson

10. Example: oil industry old model own oil wells pump oil sell it problem how to grow when there’s no more wells to own? volatility of oil market low margins for commodity products high costs

11. Example: cont’d solution: reconceptualize business oilfield expertise benefits everyone needs know-how expertise is always valuable

12. Hierarchy of knowledge Knowledge expert analysis synthesis integration with experience Information reports on data summarization Data recorded information The world stuff happens

13. Knowledge assets Usually intangible in worker’s heads How to make experience explicit? not just what? but also why, how, and why not?

14. AI + Knowledge Management Model aspects of human thought on computers Which aspects? the storage and use of experience What sub-field of AI studies this? case-based reasoning

15. Problem-solving One of the first two areas tackled by AI research other is natural language How do we solve problems? researchers looked at logic puzzles and problems of robot control

16. Rule-based reasoning What are the steps to the solution? problem situation desired result Forward-chaining reason forward from the problem Backward-chaining reason backward from the desired state Build up large rule bases also control knowledge

17. Case-based reasoning An alternative to rule-based problem- solving “A case-based reasoner solves new problems by adapting solutions used to solve old problems” -- Riesbeck & Schank 1987

18. Paradox of the expert Experts should have more rules can solve more problems can be much more precise But experts are faster than novices who presumably have fewer rules What does experience provide if it isn’t just “more rules”?

19. Problems we solve this way Medicine doctor remembers previous patients especially for rare combinations of symptoms Law English/US law depends on precedence case histories are consulted Management decisions are based on past experience Financial performance is predicted by past results

20. Retain Review Adapt Retrieve Database New Problem SimilarSolution CBR Solving Problems

21. CBR System Components Case-base database of previous cases (experience) episodic memory Retrieval of relevant cases index for cases in library matching most similar case(s) retrieving the solution(s) from these case(s) Adaptation of solution alter the retrieved solution(s) to reflect differences between new case and retrieved case(s)

22. R 4 Cycle REUSE propose solutions from retrieved casesREVISE adapt and repair proposed solution RETAIN integrate in case-baseRETRIEVE find similar problems

23. CBR Assumption New problem can be solved by retrieving similar problems adapting retrieved solutions Similar problems have similar solutions ? S SS S S S S S S P P P P P P P P P X

24. AI in Knowledge Management Apply the CBR model to the organization rather than the individual Retain the experience of the firm Apply it in new situations Do this in a consistent, automated way

25. How to do this? Very situation-specific What is a case? What counts as similar? What do you need to know to adapt old solutions? How do you find and remove obsolete cases?

26. CBR Knowledge Containers Cases Case representation language Retrieval knowledge Adaptation knowledge

27. Cases Contents lesson to be learned context in which lesson applies Issues case boundaries time, space

28. Case representation language Contents features and values of problem/solution Issues more detail / structure = flexible reuse less detail / structure = ease of encoding new cases

29. Retrieval knowledge Contents features used to index cases relative importance of features what counts as “similar” Issues “surface” vs “deep” similarity

30. Nearest Neighbour Retrieval Retrieve most similar k-nearest neighbour k-NN Example 1-NN 5-NN

31. How do we measure similarity? Can be strictly numeric weighted sum of similarities of features “local similarities” May involve inference reasoning about the similarity of items

32. Adaptation knowledge Contents circumstances in which adaptation is needed how to modify Issues role of causal knowledge “why the case works”

33. Learning Case-base inserting new cases into case-base updating contents of case-base to avoid mistakes Retrieval Knowledge indexing knowledge features used new indexing knowledge similarity knowledge weighting new similarity knowledge Adaptation knowledge

34. What this class is about We will study examples of KM-related CBR applications We will study CBR technology and research

35. Next week Case study R. Burke & A. Kass (1994) "Tailoring Retrieval to Support Case-Based Teaching." Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Research A. Aamodt & E. Plaza (1994) "Case-based reasoning: Foundational issues, methodological variations, and system approaches." AI Communications, 7:39-59

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