1. ISI Causes and Cures Eye Diagram (means of viewing performance)
Controlling ISI: Duobinary Coding
ISI Avoidance: Nyquist Criterions and Pulse Shaping (for transmitter and receiver)
ISI Removal: Equalization (to cater for channels’ effect)

2. Representation and Analysis
Eye Diagram
Representation and Analysis

3. Eye Diagram
Created by taking time domain signals (interval of two or more bit times) and overlapping them for a certain number of symbols
E.g. 10 samples per second and we want to look at 2 symbols then cut the samples every 20 samples and overlap them.
The resultant overlapping signal is called an eye diagram

4. Example

5. Binary vs. M-ary Signals
For binary signaling we would only see one eye but when we repeat the same procedure for an M-ary signaling pattern, we would see M-1 eyes on top of each other.

6. An eye diagram for binary signaling viewed in a three bit window

7. An eye diagram for 4-ary signaling viewed in a two bit window

8. Example Eye diagrams (unlimited bandwidth ideal, limited bandwidth ideal, distorted)

9. Use of Eye Diagram
Eye diagram is used as an additional procedure for analysis of high speed communication system. 
A commonly used criterion in analysis of the performance of a communication system is its Bit Error Rate (BER) measured at the receiver. However BER is pass/fail in nature (i.e., a threshold of BER is set and we check if the system BER is greater than or less than this threshold) and it conveys nothing more.
Helpful in checking
Timing error
Noise margin available or allowed
How much more noise can be tolerated etc
After constructing an eye diagram, we could, in a single glance look at the overall amplitudes over which the signal strays or also look the time jitter present in it. Thus one can estimate how much more noise might be allowed (using the acceptable noise margin) and also how much timing jitter can be permitted.

10. Information associated with the Eye Diagram
The following information can be gathered (qualitative analysis) simply by looking at an eye diagram:
Eye height,
Eye amplitude,
Eye width,
Timing jitter,
Amplitude jitter,
Noise margin of the system,
Timing sensitivity of the system and
Best sampling instant.

11. Interpretation of Eye Diagram11

12. Cont’d

13. Introducing controlled ISI
Duobinary Coding
Precoding (Differential coding)

14. Correlative Coding
Correlative Coding or Duobinary coding or Partial Response Signaling proposed by Lender
Introduce controlled ISI instead of eliminating it
Introducing correlative coding and changing the detection process at the receiver Lender in effect cancelled out interference at the detector
Achieved ideal symbol rate packing (bandwidth efficiency R/W) 2 sym/s/Hz

15. Cont’d Each output pulse defined as:
Pulse carry memory of the prior digit

16. Decoding Subtract each calculated pulse from the next received pulse
Drawback is that error will propagate
Precoding is adopted as a mean to avoid error propagation

17. Complete Process Binary digits Line coding (bipolar sequence)
Apply coding rule (adding two consecutive pulses)
Decode (using subtraction)
Line coding Sequence

18. Example

19. Precoding
Precoding of binary data done via

20. Example

21. Pros and Cons of Correlative coding
Avoids ISI
Uses only 1/(1+r) the bandwidth of binary sequence (r is the roll off factor [can be considered a counter part of transition band] of the filter)
Cons
Requires more power to achieve same error rate
Requires extra levels compared to the actual pulse