1. GATEWAY Biology Content Review

2. Characteristics of Living Things  Reproduce  Grow  Develop  Need food/require energy  Made of cells  Respond to their environment  Adapt to their environment

3. Cells and Heredity Cell Theory  All living things are made of cells.  The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.  All cells come from pre- existing cells.

4. Organelles and Cell Parts  Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane) –Surrounds cell –Selective barrier –Controls what substances enter and exit the cell

5. Organelles and Cell Parts  Cytoplasm –Jelly-like material that fills the cell –Molecular “soup” holds all organelles

6. Organelles and Cell Parts  Ribosomes: –Site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made)

7. Organelles and Cell Parts  Golgi Apparatus –Prepares proteins that will leave the animal cell or be placed in the plasma membrane –“Post Office” of the cell

8. Organelles and Cell Parts  Mitochondria –Powerhouse of the cell –Site of cellular respiration which produces ATP from sugars (glucose)

9. Organelles and Cell Parts  Lysosome –Digest macromolecules –Single celled organisms—eating, digest food –Digest/recycle old organelles; “stomach of the cell” –Immune system

10. Organelles and Cell Parts  Centrosome –Produces microtubules during cell division. Microtubules control the movement of chromosomes.

11. Organelles and Cell Parts  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –Transport of materials such as proteins –Ribosomes attached –Production of proteins occurs on ribosomes

12. Organelles and Cell Parts  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum –Transport of materials such as proteins –No ribosomes attached –Production of lipids

13. Organelles and Cell Parts  Nucleus –Stores/protects DNA –“Brain” of the cell

14. Organelles and Cell Parts  Nuclear Envelope (Membrane) –Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

15. Organelles and Cell Parts  Nucleolus –Found in the nucleus –Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes

16. Organelles and Cell Parts  DNA –Deoxyribonucleic Acid –Contains genes/hereditary information –Determines structure of proteins

17. Organelles and Cell Parts  Chloroplast –Site of photosynthesis, which stores the sun’s energy in sugars (glucose) –Found in plants

18. Organelles and Cell Parts  Vacuole –Storage –Waste, nutrients, water, ions

19. Organelles and Cell Parts  Cell Wall –Supports and protects plant cells, bacteria, fungi, some protists –Allows cell to exist in hypotonic environment

20. Organelles and Cell Parts  Cilia and Flagella –Movement (locomotion)

21. Organelles and Cell Parts  Microfilaments and Microtubules –Structural components, “skeleton” of the cell

23. Cellular Classification Unicellular Organisms –Single celled –Bacteria, archaea, some protists (euglena, paramecium, amoeba) Multicellular Organisms –More than one cell –Plants, animals, fungi, some protists

24. Cellular Classification Eukaryote –Nucleus present –Linear DNA –Single or multi-celled –Membrane bound organelles –Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Prokaryote –No nucleus –Circular DNA –No membrane bound organelles –Single celled –“Primitive” –Bacteria, Archaea

25. Cellular Classification Plant –Eukaryotic –Cell wall (cellulose) –Vacuole, chloroplast –No lysosome, no centrioles Animal –Eukaryotic –Lysosomes, centrioles –No cell wall, no vacuole, no chloroplast

26. Prokaryote Cells Eukaryote PlantAnimalFungi Protists Bacteria Archaea

27. Practice  Which of the kingdoms contain only multicellular organisms? –Plant, Animal  Which of the kingdoms contain only single-celled organisms? –Bacteria, Archaea  Which of the kingdoms contain both single-celled and multicellular organisms? –Fungi, Protist Archaea 

28. Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs.  Human –M/E/Animal  Cat –M/E/Animal  Bacteria –U/P/Bacteria  Oak Tree –M/E/Plant  Goldfish –M/E/Animal

29. Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs.  Euglena –U/E/Protist  Mushroom –M/E/Fungi  Fly –M/E/Animal  Snake –M/E/Animal  Paramecium –U/E/Protist

30. Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs.  Daffodil –M/E/Plant  Cyanobacteria –U/E/Protist  Virus –None  Kelp –M/E/Protist

31. ARE VIRUSES ALIVE?  Not considered alive by many biologists:  Not cells  Not able to reproduce independently (use host cell) (use host cell)  Do infect living cells  Can make copies of themselves  Made of core of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat  HIV Virus: