1. Toxocara canis Sidney Milliron Aaron Bettenhausen

2. Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Ascaridida Family: Toxocaridae Genus: Toxocara Species: Toxocara canis

3. Geographic range World wide distribution Found commonly in all domestic dogs and other canids Possible to have prenatal infections of puppies

4. Hosts Primary host is dogs Adults are infected upon infestation of embryonated eggs, or by eating rodents infected with visceral larva migrans Worms can penetrate the placenta and infect unborn puppies Puppies can be born infected Puppies can also become infected via the transmammary route

5. Other hosts If a rodent eats the embryonated eggs the worms will hatch and begin migration before going dormant If the rodent is then eaten by a dog the dog can become infected Rodent acts as paratenic host Rodents develop visceral larva migrans Humans who ingest the eggs also develop visceral larva migrans

6. Egg Eggs – Brownish – Almost spherical – Surficial pits – Unembryonated when laid

7. Larvated Eggs – Infective Stage

8. Larvae Found in Intestines, Circulatory, Lungs and Esophagus of Hosts

9. Adults – Large (M=4- 6cm; F=6.5- 15+cm) – Have 3 lips – Prominent cervical alae in both sexes

10. 3 Prominent Lips

11. Life Cycle Adult worms live in small intestine of their host – Produces prodigious numbers of eggs Eggs are passed in feces Develop into L3 in 5-6 days under optimal conditions

12. Canine Oral ingestion In Puppies: – Worms hatch and migrate through the portal system and lungs – Get swallowed and find their way back to intestine – Can be fatal to puppies due to malnutrition In older dogs (secondary immune response) – Juveniles do not complete the lung migration – Wander through the body, eventually entering a developmental arrest for a long periods – Most adult dogs show no symptoms when infected and gain an increased immunity to reinfection as they age

13. Life Cycle

14. Infection during canine pregnancy Dormant juveniles are activated by host hormones late in pregnancy Reenter the circulatory system – Carried to placentas Penetrate through to the fetal bloodstream – Complete lung migration en route to the intestine Juveniles can also be passed by the trasmammary route, in mother’s milk

15. Other routes If a rodent or other mammal eats embryonated eggs – Juveniles begin to migrate but then become dormant and continues it’s developmental arrest If rodent is eaten by a dog – Worms promptly migrate through the lungs to the intestine or into tissues to continue their wait, depending on age.

16. Visceral Larva Migrans Occurs when nematode gains entry into paratenic host – They do not complete the normal migration but undergo developmental arrest – Begin an extended, random wandering through various organs and tissues of the body

17. Pathogenesis Juveniles provoke a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in paratenic hosts – Eventually they will find their way to the brain – In other tissues, juveniles will form a granuloma – Can cause chronic ocular inflammation, as well as retinal granulomas – Rarely can cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

18. Visceral Larva Migrans Occurs when a mammal other than the intended host (Dogs) ingest the eggs Worms hatch and begin migration but eventually undergo developmental arrest Worms begin a randomly wandering through the body Can be caused by a number of different species however Toxocara canis is the most common species that causes this disease in humans In experimental hosts juvenile worms seem to prefer residing in the brain.

19. Symptoms in Humans Fever, pulmonary symptoms, hepatomegaly, and eosinophilia Worms migrate indiscriminately to and from any organ including but seem to prefer the liver Can cause blindness if they migrate to the eye Can cause neurological symptoms Extent of tissue damage is proportional to the numbers of juvenile worms in the body

20. Prevalence of infection In the united states 4.6-7.3% of children ages 1 to 11 years old have Visceral Larva migrans Up to 30% infection has been found in African American children of low socioeconomic status Up to 34% infection has been found in Irish school children In some developing tropical countries the rates of infection among children can be around 50 to 80%

21. Diagnosis An ELISA using secretory-excretory antigens A liver biopsy might reveal a juvenile surrounded by a granuloma Infected patients may present with high eosinophilia

22. Treatment and Control Mebendazole Periodic deworming of household pets Proper disposable of animal feces Don’t let your dog eat rodents Covering sandpits in public parks when not in use