1. National Empowerment A Stronger Nation (Unit 6)
Identify and describe events in the early 20th century that led Canada toward independence 
Examine Canada’s and Newfoundland’s participation in the First World War 
Explain the effects of the First World War on Canada and Newfoundland 

2. Events Leading Toward Independence
Self-governing dominions 1910
England still controlled foreign policies
South African War 1901
first step in creating a Canadian military
Alaskan Boundary Dispute 1903
Canadians angry with Britain & saw U.S. as threat
Naval Service Bill 1910
creation of Canadian navy
Nationalist views
Pushed for greater independence

3. More Events Leading Toward Independence -p.263
Canada got its own flag 1965
National Anthem 1980 “O Canada” (c.1901)
popular in Quebec 1880
Red Ensign

4. Diamond Jubilee - Colonial Conference
-wanted strong ties with Britain
-closer ties with Britain
-wanted greater indepence for Canada
Britain Chamberlain
Anglophone
Imperialists
Francophone
Nationalists
Sunnyways approach
Praised Britain. Politely but firmly refused closer ties with Britain.
Visited France and praised France

5. South African (Boer) War
-Wanted quick and positive response to Britain’s request
-Send troops
-Colonies should help British empire
-Send Canadian troops
-Felt a far away war was of no concern or threat to Canada
-Canada should stay out
Britain Chamberlain
Anglophone
Imperialists
Sam Hughes
Francophone
Nationalists
Bourassa
Sunnyways approach
1. Laurier said Canada was not required to send troops to a British war that did not directly involve Canada.
2. But volunteers that wanted to go and help Britain were organized, equipped and transported by the Canadian government.
3. Laurier said Canada did not have to help in future British wars

6. Alaskan Boundary Dispute
Issue: disagreement about the border between Canada & the U.S. where B.C. and Alaska meet
Economic benefit from Klondike Gold Rush depended on owning good harbours in the north.
6-member commission
(3 Americans,
2 Canadians,
1 British) to decide the issue.
Results:
-British official sided with American
Reasons:
-Britain wanted U.S. support if Germany started a war.
Note:
-Canada did not control its own foreign affairs.
-First Nations were not consulted.
Laurier worked to get Canada more control of foreign affairs.
thecanadianencyclopedia.com

7. Naval Service Bill -send immediate aid (money) to Britain
-worried about strength of German navy
-asked Canada for money to build warships
-against sending money to Britain
-focus on building our own military forces
Francophone
Nationalists
Bourassa
Anglophone
Imperialists
Britain
Sunnyways approach
Naval Service Bill: Canada would create its own navy.
Canadian navy would defend Canada and could be lent to Britain in times of war.
Navy: 2 old ships (Niobe & Rainbow) purchased from Britain.
400 crew and officers to run the ships.
Reactions: Imperialists embarrassed by small navy (Tin-Pot Navy). Nationalists thought it would be useless in defending Canada and did not want to offer to lend it to Britain.

8. First World War (Great War) Canadian Participation 
Chain of Events
Arms Race
Balkans
Black Hand
Assassination
Declare War
Canada Joins
army
8000 horses
1000 Nfld.
end

9. Who Enlisted (CEF)? p.279-281 First Nations, Inuit, and Métis
33%
British-Canadian
31%
French-Canadian
15% (discrimination)
African-Canadian
#2 Construction, 960
Racism
Newfoundland
35%
VAD ambulance
F. Pegahmagabow
Major Vanier
Number 2 Construction Battalion

10. Over There p.282-286 Trench Warfare War in the Air War at Sea
Over the top
War in the Air
Cda. 25% of RAF
Billy Bishop (72)
Roy Brown (Red Baron)
Black Flight
War at Sea
Shipbuilding
Supply Britain
2nd Battle of Ypres
6035 Cda. died in 2 days
Held the line for 16 days
Battle of the Somme
Newfoundland Regiment of 801 only 68 survived
8000 Cda. killed (141 d.)
Vimy Ridge
French & British failed
Cda. practiced
Surprise attack in storm and bombardment
3598 killed; 6000 wounded
Canadians capture Vimy Ridge

11. Effect of World War I  Life on the Home Front Conscientious objectors
White feather symbol
Victory Bonds
Women Take Charge
Young People
Halifax Explosion
Feeding the Allies
Munitions Industry
War Measures Act
Income Tax
Enemy Aliens
Life on the Home Front
Conscription
Armistice
Long-Term Effects
Debt
French vs. English
National respect
Newfoundland’s foreign affairs
Aboriginal people discriminated against
African-Canadians faced mixed reaction