2. Revolutions Two revolutions threatened Church Intellectual Political

4. Church’s Response Pope Pius IX Initially excited After 1848 drastically changes 1870-1929, Pope is a prisoner in the Vatican Dubbed “Most Afflicted Pontiff”

5. Imagine this is a Young Pope Pius IX

6. Now Imagine him a few Years Later

7. Guess what the tone of Vatican I Sounded Like

8. Two Major Catholic Responses Liberal response Traditional response Vatican I provided an opportunity for the Church to officially decide where it stood

9. Liberal Response Believed Enlightenment and French Revolution contained some good ideas Argued ideas could improve the Church Félicité de Lamennais (1782- 1854) Sought to “baptize” the principles of the Revolution

10. Ultramontane Response Believed that intellectual and political Revolutions were harmful Suspicious of changes Protect Church’s message Where do we find security and identity as Catholics? Look Over the Mountains (To Rome)

11. Italian Alps

12. Vatican I (1869-1870) Looked to the Pope for direction Pope called a council Update definition of Catholicism (last council was 300 years ago) Define people’s roles (Pope, Bishop, Priest, Laity)

13. Tone of First Vatican Council Pius IX affirms Ultramontane movement Tradition Not all objectives were accomplished Vatican I focused on the Papacy

14. Papal Infallibility Infallibility means without errors God Alone is Infallible The Church is given the gift of infallibility Certain events can exercise infallibility (ex. Councils) If points above are true, can the Pope exercise infallibility? Bishops want a strong Papacy voice to combat secularism